Table 1.
Summary of cloned offspring produced by using epigenetic modulations.
| Species | Modifier | Treatment on | No. of Reconstructed Embryo | No. of 2-Cell (%) |
No. of Blastocyst (%) |
No. of Embryo Transferred |
No. of Pregnant/ Recipient (%) |
No. of Offspring |
Birth Rate per Embryo Transferred (%) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| mouse | TSA 50 nM/10 h | embryos | 178 | 170 (98.0) | n/a | 170 | n/a | 11 | 6.5 | [95] |
| Control | 317 | 305 (96.0) | n/a | 297 | n/a | 1 | 0.3 | |||
| mouse | TSA 100 nM/8 h | embryos | 98 | n/a | 66 (67.0) | 356 | n/a | 10 | 2.8 | [96] |
| Control | 96 | n/a | 37 (39.0) | 366 | n/a | 3 | 0.8 | |||
| mouse | TSA 5 nM/10 h | embryos | 182 | 120 (94.0) | n/a | 120 | n/a | 5 | 4.2 | [97] |
| Control | 155 | 115 (93.0) | n/a | 115 | n/a | 0 | 0 | |||
| mouse | TSA 100 nM/10 h | embryos | 140 | 129 (92.0) | 112 (80.0) | n/a | n/a | 6 | 4.7 | [104] |
| Control | 270 | 214 (79.0) | 74 (35.0) | n/a | n/a | 1 | 0.5 | |||
| mouse | Scriptaid 250 nM/10 h | embryos | 160 | 144 (90.0) | 116 (81.0) | n/a | n/a | 11 | 7.6 | [104] |
| Control | 270 | 214 (79.0) | 74 (35.0) | n/a | n/a | 1 | 0.5 | |||
| mouse | TSA 50 nM/6 h | embryos | 89 | 83 (98.0) | n/a | 83 | n/a | 13 | 16.0 | [125] |
| Control | 65 | 57 (95.0) | n/a | 57 | n/a | 4 | 7.0 | |||
| mouse | SAHA 1000 nM/6 h | embryos | 87 | 83 (98.0) | n/a | 83 | n/a | 13 | 16.0 | [125] |
| Control | 65 | 57 (95.0) | n/a | 57 | n/a | 4 | 7.0 | |||
| mouse | Oxamflatin 1000 nM/6 h | embryos | 117 | 106 (96.0) | n/a | 106 | n/a | 8 | 7.5 | [125] |
| Control | 233 | 229 (98.0) | n/a | 229 | n/a | 6 | 2.6 | |||
| mouse | VPA 2 × 106 nM/6 h | embryos | 43 | 37 (95.0) | n/a | 37 | n/a | 3 | 8.0 | [125] |
| Control | 65 | 57 (95.0) | n/a | 57 | n/a | 4 | 7.0 | |||
| mouse | Psammaplin A 1 × 104 nM/16 h | embryos | 303 | 252 (83.2) | 131 (43.2) | 224 | n/a | 4 | 1.8 | [127] |
| Control | 207 | 196 (84.5) | 40 (20.0) | 216 | n/a | 1 | 0.5 | |||
| mouse | VPA 2 × 106 nM/16 h | embryos | 200 | 167 (83.5) | 65 (32.5) | 232 | n/a | 2 | 0.9 | [127] |
| Control | 207 | 196 (84.5) | 40 (20.0) | 216 | n/a | 1 | 0.5 | |||
| mouse | Chlamydocin analogues, Ky-9 1600 nM/8 h | embryos | 196 | 179 (91.3) | n/a | 139 | n/a | 10 | 7.2 | [141] |
| Control | 487 | 416 (85.4) | n/a | 213 | n/a | 6 | 2.8 | |||
| mouse | Xist knockdown + TSA 50 nM/8 h | embryos | 85 | 69 (81.0) | n/a | 69 | n/a | 14 | 20.3 | [203] |
| Control | 107 | 87 (81.0) | n/a | 87 | n/a | 1 | 1.1 | |||
| mouse | Xist knockdown + TSA 50 nM/8 h | embryos | n/a | n/a | n/a | 150 | n/a | 4 | 3.0 | [204] |
| Control | n/a | n/a | n/a | 48 | n/a | 1 | 2.1 | |||
| mouse | Xist knockout | embryos | 457 | 383 (84.0) | n/a | 270 | n/a | 35 | 14.4 | [200] |
| Control | 203 | 186 (91.5) | n/a | 126 | n/a | 2 | 1.6 | |||
| mouse | Kdm4d mRNA injection | embryos | 76 | 92.7% | 88.6% | 119 | n/a | 9 | 7.6 | [116] |
| Control | 91 | 94.8% | 26.0% | 104 | n/a | 0 | 0 | |||
| mouse | Xist knockout + Kdm4d mRNA injection | donor cells + embryos | n/a | n/a | n/a | 85 | n/a | 20 | 23.5 | [196] |
| Control | n/a | n/a | n/a | 55 | n/a | 1 | 1.8 | |||
| mouse | Kdm4b + Kdm5b mRNA injection | oocytes | n/a | n/a | 95.0% | n/a | n/a | n/a | 11.1 | [155] |
| Control | n/a | n/a | 31.0% | n/a | n/a | n/a | 1.8 | |||
| mouse | Dnmt3a/3b siRNA and Kdm4b/5b mRNA injection | donor cells + embryos | 119 | n/a | 92.6% | 63 | n/a | 11 | 17.5 | [180] |
| Control | 121 | n/a | 39.5% | 247 | n/a | 2 | 0.8 | |||
| mouse | Kdm6b mRNA injection | embryos | 286 | 89.1% | 70.8% | 265 | n/a | 16 | 6.0 | [171] |
| Control | 176 | 90.9% | 25.5% | 120 | n/a | 0 | 0 | |||
| mouse | Sfmbt2 miRNA knockout | donor cells | 102 | 88 (86.3) | n/a | 75 | n/a | 5 | 6.7 | [195] |
| Control | 167 | 152 (91.0) | n/a | 101 | n/a | 3 | 3.0 | |||
| mouse | Monoallelic deletion of Sfmbt2, Jade1, Gab1, Smoc1 | donor cells | 135 | 121 (89.6) | 28 (23.0) | 49 | n/a | 7 | 14.3 | [173] |
| Control | 162 | 141 (87.0) | 32 (21.7) | 404 | n/a | 0 | 0 | |||
| mouse | RAD51-stimulatory compound 1: 1 × 104 nM/22 h | embryos | 169 | 159 (94) | 119 (75) | 171 | n/a | 8 | 4.7 | [237] |
| Control | 154 | 144 (94) | 45 (31) | 146 | n/a | 1 | 0.6 | |||
| mouse | TSA 50 nM/8 h + vitamin C 5.7 × 104 nM/7 h |
embryos | 61 | n/a | 51 (83.6) | 105 | n/a | 16 | 15.2 | [150] |
| Control | 94 | n/a | 34 (36.2) | 178 | n/a | 0 | 0 | |||
| mouse | Vitamin C 1 × 105 nM/16 h | embryos | 194 | 174 (89.7) | 101 (52.1) | 206 | n/a | 8 | 3.9 | [148] |
| PsA 1 × 104 nM/16 h | 201 | 166 (82.6) | 83 (41.3) | 261 | n/a | 8 | 3.1 | |||
| Vitamin C + PsA /16 h | 193 | 164 (85.0) | 109 (56.5) | 203 | n/a | 10 | 4.9 | |||
| Control | 224 | 181 (80.8) | 102 (45.5) | 258 | n/a | 0 | 0 | |||
| mouse | Dux overexpression + DNMT3A/3B knockdown | embryos | 56 | 51 (91.1) | n/a | 43 | n/a | 8 | 18.6 | [241] |
| Kdm4d mRNA injection + DNMT3A/3B knockdown | 58 | 54 (93.1) | n/a | 49 | n/a | 6 | 12.2 | |||
| Control | 116 | 109 (94.0) | n/a | 99 | n/a | 1 | 1.0 | |||
| cattle | TSA 50nM/10 h | embryos | 237 | 222 (93.7) | 103 (43.5) | 36 | 6/13 (46.2) | 3 | 8.3 | [114] |
| Control | 198 | 193 (97.5) | 63 (31.8) | 18 | 0/7 (0) | 0 | 0 | |||
| buffalo | DKK1 100 ng/mL | embryos | 431 | n/a | 182 (42.6) | 26 | 4/13 (30.8) | 2 | 5.5 | [234] |
| Control | 388 | n/a | 152 (39.0) | 24 | 0/12 (0) | 0 | 0 | |||
| cynomolgus monkey | KDM4D mRNA injection + TSA 10 nM/10 h | embryos | 38 | n/a | 17 (44.7) | 79 | 6/21 (28.6) | 2 | 2.5 | [103] |
| Control | 30 | n/a | 4 (13.8) | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | |||
| minipig | Scriptaid 500 nM/14–16 h | embryos | 155 | 134 (86.0) | 33 (21.0) | 1610 | 8/10 (80.0) | 21 | 1.3 | [118] |
| Control | 171 | 148 (87.0) | 16 (9.0) | 1389 | 1/9 (11.1) | 3 mummies | 0 | |||
| pig | Abexinostat 0.5 nM/6 h | embryos | 106 | 94 (89.0) | 27 (25.2) | 782 | 1/3 (33.3) | 2 fetuses | 0 | [128] |
| Control | 106 | 90 (85.0) | 11 (10.2) | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | |||
| pig | XIST knockout | donor cells | 332 | n/a | 121 (36.4) | 530 | 5/5 (100) | 11 | 2.1 | [164] |
| Control | 398 | n/a | 101 (25.4) | 953 | 5/5 (100) | 3 | 0.3 | |||
| pig | BIX-01294 50 nM/14–16 h | embryos | 336 | 295 (87.8) | 78 (23.2) | 506 | 2/3 (66.7) | 15 | 3.0 | [167] |
| Control | 470 | 416 (88.5) | 77 (16.4) | 503 | 1/3 (33.3) | 8 | 1.6 | |||
| pig | Vitamin C 2.8 × 105 nM/15 h | embryos | 74 | 71 (95.9) | 25 (33.8) | 5180 | 9/20 (45.0) | 9 | 0.2 | [146] |
| Control | 95 | 85 (89.5) | 12 (12.6) | 3885 | 5/15 (33.3) | 1 | 0.03 | |||
| goat | PGC7 overexpression | donor cells | n/a | n/a | n/a | 300 | 14/30 (46.7) | 21 | 7.0 | [194] |
| Control | n/a | n/a | n/a | 240 | 8/24 (33.3) | 8 | 3.3 |