Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study cohort after C2HEST risk stratification.
| Low Risk (0–1) |
Medium Risk (2–3) |
High Risk (>4) |
OMNIBUS p Value |
p-Value (for Post-Hoc Analysis) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables, Units (N) |
Mean ± SD Min–Max (N) or n/N(% of Risk Category) |
Mean ± SD Min–Max (N) or n/N (% of Risk Category) |
Mean ± SD Min–Max (N) or n/N (% of Risk Category) |
||
| demographics | |||||
|
Age, years (1047) |
69.0 ± 2.79 65–74 (376) |
79.0 ± 8.11 65–100 (419) |
80.3 ± 7.26 65–100 (252) |
<0.0001 |
<0.0001 a,b 0.082 c |
|
Male gender (1047) |
211/376 (56.11%) | 172/419 (41.1%) | 123/252 (48.8%) | 0.00012 |
<0.0001 a 0.2578 b 0.18001 c |
|
BMI, kg/m2 (207) |
28.5 ± 4.59 20.05–40.4 (81) |
28.57 ± 5.17 18.6–47.75 (66) |
27.29 ± 5.39 16.41–45.82 (60) |
0.30822 | N/A |
|
Cigarette smoking never/previous/current (1043) |
348/376 (92.55%) 16/376 (4.26%) 12 376 (3.19%) |
377/416 (90.63%) 25/416 (6.01%) 14/416 (3.37%) |
203/251 (80.88%) 32/251 (12.75%) 16/251 (6.37%) |
<0.0001 |
1.0 a
0.00014 b 0.00412 c |
| Co-morbidities | |||||
|
Hypertension (1047) |
194/376 (51.6%) | 296/419 (70.64%) | 228/252 (90.48%) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 a,b,c |
|
DM (1045) |
106/376 (28.2%) | 130/418 (29.7%) | 103/251 (41.0%) | 0.00091 | 1.0 a
0.0018 b 0.00578 c |
|
Dyslipidemia (506) |
104/152 (68.42%) | 149/196 (76.02%) | 133/158 (84.18%) | 0.0049 | 0.4353 a
0.0052 b 0.02339 c |
|
AF/AFL (1047) |
32/376 (8.51%) | 97/419 (23.15%) | 124/252 (49.2%) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 a,b,c |
|
Previous coronary revascularization (1047) |
5/376 (1.33%) | 26/419 (6.21%) | 97/252 (38.5%) | <0.0001 |
0.0023 a
<0.0001 b,c |
|
Previous MI (1047) |
8/376 (2.13%) | 39/419 (9.31%) | 103/252 (40.9%) | <0.0001 |
<0.00011 a
<0.0001 b,c |
|
HF (1047) |
0/376 (0%) | 32/419 (7.64%) | 180/252 (71.43%) | <0.0001 | <0.0001a,b,c |
|
Moderate or severe valvular heart disease or previous valve heart surgery (1047) |
6/376 (1.6%) | 23/419 (5.49%) | 48/252 (19.05%) | <0.0001 |
0.0188 a
<0.0001 b,c |
|
PAD (1047) |
16/376 (4.26%) | 25/419 (5.97%) | 38/252 (15.05%) | <0.0001 | 1.0 a
<0.0001 b 0.00047 c |
|
Previous stroke/TIA (1047) |
25/376 (6.65%) | 53/419 (12.65%) | 52/252 (20.63%) | <0.0001 |
0.0196 a
<0.0001 b 0.0243 c |
|
CKD (1047) |
25/376 (6.65%) | 56/(13.37%) | 82/252 (32.54%) | <0.0001 |
0.00789 a
<0.0001 b,c |
|
Haemodialysis (1047) |
4/376 (1.06%) | 13/492 (3.1%) | 11/252 (4.37%) | 0.0332 | 0.2464 a
0.0507 b 1.0 c |
|
Asthma (1047) |
12/376 (3.19%) | 16/419 (3.82%) | 10/252 (3.97%) | 0.847 | N/A |
|
COPD (1047) |
4/376 (1.06%) | 20/419 (4.77%) | 38/252 (15.08%) | <0.0001 |
0.0134 a
<0.0001 b,c |
|
Thyroid disease, none/hypothyroidism/ hyperthyroidism, (1047) |
363/376 (96.5%) 12/376 (3.19%) 1/376 (0.27%) |
368/419 (87.8%) 44/419 (10.5%) 7/419 (1.67%) |
189/252 (75.0%) 58/252 (23.02%) 5/252 (1.98%) |
<0.0001 |
<0.0001 a,b 0.000018 c |
Continuous variables are presented as: mean ± SD, range (minimum–maximum) and number of non-missing values. Categorized variables are presented as: a number with a percentage. Information about the numbers with valid values is provided in the left column. Abbreviations: N—valid measurements, n—number of patients with parameter above cut-off point, SD—standard deviation, BMI—body mass index, DM—Diabetes mellitus, AF/AFL—Atrial fibrillation/flutter, MI—myocardial infarction, HF—Heart failure, PAD—Peripheral artery disease, TIA—transient ischemic attack, CKD—Chronic kidney disease, COPD—Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, N/A—non-applicable, a—low-risk vs. medium-risk, b—low-risk vs. high-risk, c—medium-risk vs. high-risk; Bold text—statistically significant values.