Table 4.
Laboratory parameters measured during the hospitalization in the studied cohort.
| Parameter | Time of Assessment |
Units | Low Risk (0–1) |
Medium Risk (2–3) |
High Risk (>4) |
OMNIBUS p-Value |
p-Value for Post-Hoc Analysis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD Min–Max (N) or n/N (% of Risk Category) (N) |
Mean ± SD Min–Max (N) or n/N (% of Risk Category) (N) |
Mean ± SD Min–Max (N) or n/N (% of Risk Category) (N) |
|||||
| Complete Blood Count (CBC) | |||||||
| Leucocytes (1020) |
On admission | 103/µL | 8.8 ± 8.75 0.51–150.93 (364) |
9.55 ± 12.26 0.51–215.97 (410) |
9.37 ± 8.13 1.19–99.73 (246) |
0.5472 | N/A |
| (1020) | On discharge | 9.17 ± 5.97 0.67–53.2 (364) |
10.83 ± 17.42 0.44–314.44 (410) |
10.2 ± 7.38 1.19–58.49 (246) |
0.063 | N/A | |
|
Lymphocytes (697) |
On admission | 103/µL | 1.17 ± 1.65 0.06–24.82 (237) |
1.16 ± 1.13 0.11–12.1 (278) |
1.44 ± 5.78 0.09–78.58 (182) |
0.8223 | N/A |
| (677) | On discharge | 1.57 ± 1.02 0.06–9.03 (237) |
1.48 ± 1.97 0.05–26.71 (278) |
1.55 ± 5.04 0.14–66.97 (182) |
0.787 | N/A | |
|
Haemoglobin (1020) |
On admission | g/dL | 13.11 ± 2.12 3.9–18.3 (364) |
12.55 ± 2.33 4.5–18.9 (410) |
11.93 ± 2.49 5.3–18.8 (246) |
<0.0001 |
0.001a
<0.0001b 0.005 c |
| (1020) | On discharge | 12.5 ± 2.18 7.1–18.3 (364) |
11.91 ± 2.33 4.5–18.9 (410) |
11.56 ± 2.35 5.5–17.6 (246) |
<0.0001 |
0.0008 a <0.0001b 0.154 c |
|
|
Platelets (1020) |
On admission | 103/µL | 245.79 ± 110.26 0–671 (364) |
228.85 ± 114.82 3–740 (410) |
216.78 ± 94.0 8–578 (246) |
0.0023 | 0.092 a
0.002 b 0.31 c |
| (1020) | On discharge | 272.04 ± 119.9 6–720 (364) |
241.95 ± 118.27 3–694 (410) |
211.63 ± 97.47 4–592 (246) |
<0.0001 | <0.001 a <0.0001b 0.001 c | |
| Acid-base balance in the arterial blood gas | |||||||
|
PH (175) |
On admission | 7.43 ± 0.08 7.2–7.54 (43) |
7.43 ± 0.07 7.1–7.54 (74) |
7.41 ± 0.08 7.09–7.54 (58) |
0.3236 | N/A | |
|
PaO2 (175) |
On admission | <60 mmHg respiratory insufficiency | 27/43 (62.79%) | 44/74 (59.46%) | 34/58 (58.62%) | 0.9073 | N/A |
| ≥60 mmHg | 16/43 (37.21%) | 30/74 (40.54%) | 24/58 (41.38%) | ||||
| 76.3 ± 34.37 26.8–100 (43) |
75.46 ± 48.27 28.6–100 (74) |
72.91 ± 36.32 23.7–100 (58) |
0.8821 | N/A | |||
|
PaCO2 (175) |
On admission | ≥45 mmHg hypercapnia | 7/43 (16.28%) | 8/74 (10.81%) | 10/58 (17.24%) | 0.5265 | N/A |
| <45 mmHg | 36/43 (83.72%) | 66/74 (89.19%) | 48/58 (82.76%) | ||||
| 36.57 ± 8.0 25.2–61.4 (43) |
36.58 ± 8.02 23–67 (74) |
38.9 ± 11.43 19.7–88.4 (58) |
0.3899 | N/A | |||
|
HCO3 standard (171) |
On admission | mmol/L | 25.05 ± 3.7 12.1–30.7 (42) |
24.47 ± 4.17 14.3–39.5 (71) |
24.43 ± 4.72 13.5–38.6 (58) |
0.6908 | N/A |
|
BE (74) |
On admission | 1.64 ± 3.08 (–)3.3–7.1 (17) |
2.15 ± 4.88 (–)12.5–15.7 (37) |
2.41 ± 5.55 (–)7.4–14.6 (20) |
0.8345 | N/A | |
|
Lactates (157) |
On admission | 2.7 ± 2.28 0.7–12.8 (38) |
2.03 ± 0.85 0.5–5.7 (66) |
2.55 ± 1.91 0.6–12.0 (53) |
0.0602 | N/A | |
| Electrolytes. inflammatory and iron biomarkers | |||||||
|
Na (1015) |
On admission | mmol/L | 137.89 ± 5.16 106–159 (362) |
137.81 ± 7.37 101–175 (407) |
138.1 ± 6.98 108–174 (246) |
0.8784 | N/A |
|
K (1018) |
On admission | mmol/L | 4.07 ± 0.66 2.0–7.5 (363) |
4.12 ± 0.7 2.4–6.08 (409) |
4.27 ± 0.8 2.53–8.7 (246) |
0.0066 | 0.602 a
0.005 b 0.044 c |
|
CRP (1015) |
On admission | mg/L | 93.03 ± 91.05 0.32–496.98 (361) |
84.51 ± 88.21 0.29–538.55 (408) |
76.19 ± 80.82 0.4–390.94 (246) |
0.0574 | N/A |
|
Procalcitonin (748) |
On admission | ng/mL | 1.36 ± 6.32 0.01–61.28 (266) |
2.02 ± 13.06 0.01–196.04 (289) |
1.486.25 0.01–60.77 (193) |
0.7464 | N/A |
|
IL-6 (330) |
On admission | pg/mL | 66.81 ± 155.27 2–1000 (141) |
41.58 ± 53.49 2–398 (120) |
62.78 ± 98.77 2–421 (69) |
0.0751 | N/A |
|
D-dimer (804) |
On admission | µg/L | 4.56 ± 13.34 0.18–118.32 (298) |
6.37 ± 16.17 0.2–127.24 (319) |
5.77 ± 17.97 0.22–128.0 (187) |
0.301 | N/A |
|
Prothrombin rate (958) |
On admission | % | 82.6 ± 15.73 37–128 (343) |
79.43 ± 21.33 7–131 (382) |
70.49 ± 26.47 2–124 (252) |
<0.0001 |
0.058 a
<0.0001 b,c |
|
INR (958) |
On admission | >1.5 | 12/344 (3.49%) | 40/381 (10.5%) | 55/233 (23.61%) | <0.0001 |
0.0014 a
<0.0001 b,c |
|
aPTT (927) |
On admission | >60 s | 3/331 (2.11%) | 6/369 (1.63%) | 10/227 (4.41%) | 0.092 | N/A |
|
Urea (970) |
On admission | mg/dL | 57.13 ± 46.17 8–307 (345) |
67.31 ± 49.77 12–353 (389) |
77.66 ± 52.55 12–369 (236) |
<0.0001 |
0.012 a
<0.0001b 0.04 c |
|
Creatinine (1017) |
On admission | mg/dL | 1.3 ± 1.31 0.49–14.77 (361) |
1.42 ± 1.15 0.48–9.56 (410) |
1.75 ± 1.54 0.44–11.3 (246) |
0.0009 |
0.349 a
0.0006 b 0.012 c |
| (1017) | On discharge | 1.16 ± 1.04 0.44–14.82 (361) |
1.39 ± 1.2 0.43–9.09 (410) |
1.59 ± 1.34 0.43–9.27 (246) |
<0.0001 |
0.01 a <0.0001b 0.134 c |
|
|
eGFR (1017) |
On admission | ml/min/1.73 m2 | 71.33 ± 27.92 3–170 (361) |
6.29 ± 27.45 4–137 (410) |
52.99 ± 28.95 5–180 (246) |
<0.0001 |
<0.0001 a,b
0.004 c |
|
Total protein (334) |
On admission | g/L | 5.99 ± 0.8 3.8–7.7 (100) |
5.87 ± 0.89 3.6–8.2 (123) |
5.73 ± 0.9 3.3–8.2 (111) |
0.0909 | N/A |
|
Albumin (363) |
On admission | g/L | 3.16 ± 0.54 1.7–4.4 (116) |
3.09 ± 0.55 1.1–4.4 (130) |
2.95 ± 0.62 0.7–4.9 (117) |
0.0191 | 0.528 a
0.014 b 0.151 c |
|
AST (740) |
On admission | IU/L | 70.12 ± 177.91 5–2405 (257) |
69.44 ± 281.44 7–4776 (290) |
90.01 ± 339.29 8–3866 (193) |
0.7435 | N/A |
|
ALT (821) |
On admission | IU/L | 55.67 ± 113.23 4–1411 (285) |
49.33 ± 206.01 4–3700 (329) |
54.0 ± 149.9 5–1361 (207) |
0.8911 | N/A |
|
Bilirubin (736) |
On admission | U/L | 0.91 ± 1.34 0.3–15.1 (257) |
0.83 ± 0.74 0.2–9.2 (296) |
0.88 ± 0.72 0.1–6.6 (183) |
0.6838 | N/A |
|
LDH (623) |
On admission | U/L | 466.34 ± 561.39 129–7100 (232) |
389.48 ± 191.8 44–1172 (237) |
453.63 ± 768.4 71–9505 (154) |
0.0978 | N/A |
| Cardiac biomarkers | |||||||
|
BNP (244) |
On admission | pg/mL | 198.97 ± 295.09 1.7–1674 (71) |
411.54 ± 765.61 3–4890.6 (85) |
950.94 ± 2052.17 12.4–13,368.4 (88) |
0.00051 | 0.052 a
0.003 b 0.059 c |
| (244) | On discharge | 187.85 ± 236.76 1.7–1130.8 (71) |
456.81 ± 1251.89 3–10,662.8 (85) |
894.93 ± 1965.08 11.9–13,368.4 (88) |
0.00104 | 0.133 a
0.003 b 0.188 c |
|
|
NT-proBNP (239) |
On admission | ng/mL | 2647.61 ± 91,184.03 12–70,000 (63) |
8356.29 ± 14,376.9 49.6–70,000 (87) |
13,371.9 ± 18,707.7 119.6–70,000 (89) |
<0.0001 |
0.01a
<0.0001 b 0.116 c |
| (239) | On discharge | 2591.46 ± 6818.7 12–35,000 (63) |
9044.29 ± 15,277.1 49.6–70,000 (87) |
12,370.9 ± 16,896.4 119.6–70,000 (89) |
<0.0001 |
0.002 a <0.0001 b 0.359 c |
|
|
Troponin T normal value: F ≤ 15.6 pg/mL M ≤ 34.2 pg/mL (665) |
On admission | pg/mL | 171.38 ± 899.58 0.2–11,398.7 (228) |
1968.15 ± 12,515.9 2.0–125,593 (263) |
658.56 ± 2437.77 3.3–21,022.9 (174) |
0.0037 | 0.055 a
0.034 b 0.226 c |
|
Troponin T (665) |
On discharge | 152.13 ± 890.6 0.2–12,391.6 (228) |
1490.76 ± 9509.94 1.5–109,360 (263) |
664.38 ± 2887.8 1.8–29,828.3 (174) |
0.0074 | 0.062 a
0.064 b 0.385 c |
|
|
LDL-cholesterol. (268) |
On admission | mg/dL | 87.7 ± 40.22 6–205 (80) |
89.79 ± 41.8 23–230 (106) |
75.59 ± 42.83 14–210 (82) |
0.0554 | N/A |
| Hormones | |||||||
|
TSH (474) |
On admission | mIU/L | 1.35 ± 1.52 0.07–14.08 (149) |
1.35 ± 1.69 0.01–12.1 (188) |
2.24 ± 4.09 0–38.24 (137) |
0.049 | 1.0 a
0.045 b 0.046 c |
|
fT4 n (194) |
On admission | pmol/L | 12.78 ± 2.27 6.68–19.05 (58) |
13.03 ± 3.4 7.56–36.6 (79) |
13.48 ± 4.17 7.87–35.46 (57) |
0.5257 | N/A |
|
fT3 (176) |
On admission | pmol/L | 2.08 ± 0.63 1.2–4.01 (57) |
1.88 ± 0.77 0.95–4.45 (71) |
1.93 ± 0.97 0.95–6.85 (48) |
0.2684 | N/A |
Continuous variables are presented as: mean ± SD. range (minimum–maximum) and number of non-missing values. Categorized variables are presented as: a number with a percentage. Information about the numbers with valid values is provided in the left column. Abbreviations: N—valid measurements. n—number of patients with parameter above cut-off point. SD—standard deviation. N/A—non-applicable. a—low risk vs. medium risk. b—low risk vs. high risk. c—medium risk vs. high risk.