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. 2022 Feb 15;14(2):395. doi: 10.3390/v14020395

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Replication kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 or RSV-A2 virus combinations on nasal human airway epithelium (HAE) during sequential infections compared to matched single-infection conditions. Nasal HAE was sequentially infected with SARS-CoV-2/influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 (A,B) or SARS-CoV-2/RSV-A2 (C,D) virus combinations 24 h apart at the apical pole. Single infections with each virus were performed in parallel. The MOIs were set at 0.015 (SARS-CoV-2/A(H1N1)pdm09 series) or 0.02 (SARS-CoV-2/RSV-A2 series) in single and dual infections. Viral loads of SARS-CoV-2, influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and RSV-A2 were determined by RT-qPCR. Results represent the mean ± SEM of 2 independent experiments with duplicate HAE. ns, not significant; * p < 0.05 by the Mann–Whitney test. pH1N1, influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus.