Table 2.
Risk of bias assessments following criteria from ROBINS-I tool 2.
| Article | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aloui et al. (2019) [26] | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Baker, J.A (1992) [27] | L | L | L | S | L | L | M | S |
| Batalha et al. (2018) [28] | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Bussey, H.I (2000) [29] | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Behm, D.G. (1991) [6] | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Cho et al. (2018) [30] | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Escamilla et al. (2010) [31] | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Fernandez et al. (2013) [32] | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Gibson, T.S. (2002) [33] | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Hibberd et al. (2010) [34] | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Kim et al. (2018) [35] | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Knerr, S.A (1995) [36] | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Lima et al. (2018) [37] | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Magnus et al. (2014) [38] | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Markovic et al. (2016) [39] | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Mascarin et al. (2017) [40] | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Page et al. (1993) [17] | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Picha et al. (2019) [41] | L | L | L | M | L | L | L | M |
| Pourtaghi et al. (2017) [42] | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Richards, J.A. (2009) [43] | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Sugimoto et al. (2006) [44] | M | L | M | L | L | L | L | M |
| Thiebaud et al. (2013) [45] | L | L | M | L | M | L | L | M |
| Treiber et al. (1998) [7] | L | M | L | L | M | L | L | M |
| Vaezi et al. (2015) [46] | L | L | M | L | L | L | L | M |
2 Bias Domains: (1) Bias due to confounding; (2) bias in selection of participants to the study; (3) bias in classification of interventions; (4) bias due to deviations from intended interventions; (5) bias due to missing data; (6) bias in measurement of outcomes; (7) bias in the selection of the reported result. Total score is the highest risk value across domains. L = low; M = moderate; S = serious risk of bias.