. 2022 Feb 15;12(4):650. doi: 10.3390/nano12040650

Table 1.

Relationships between $g_{t}$ , $g_{h}$ and $g_{0}$ , characterizing the behavior of a 2D nanomaterial in its interaction with the lipid membrane (the figures in the right column schematically show possible mutual configurations: water—light-blue, lipid head—red, lipid tail—purple, 2dNM—black contour, selected lipid—green).

	Relationship	Description	Behavior
1°	$g_{h} - g_{t}$ < 0	Interaction with the head group is energetically more favorable than with the tails, leading to nanosheet adsorption by the membrane surface	Adsorption of nanomaterial on membrane surface
2°	$0 < g_{h} - g_{t} < g_{0}$	Nanosheet insertion into the bilayer is energetically favorable. Size-dependent mechanical disruption of membrane is also possible	Insertion of nanomaterial into bilayer
3°	$g_{0}$ < $g_{h} - g_{t}$	Nanosheet insertion into the bilayer with lipid extraction and membrane disruption	Disruptive lipid extraction
4°	$\| g_{h} \|, \| g_{t} \| ≲ k_{B} T$	Nanosheet does not, or weakly, interacts with the cell membrane—non-critical impact	No interaction