Table 1.

Overview of the investigated key attributes of interest for 3D-printed oral dosage forms. Unknown or unpublished data are indicated by “-“.

Printing Technique	Dosage Form	Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient	Assessment of Dose Accuracy	Method of Dose Flexibility	Target Release Profile	Patient Acceptability	Dose Administration	Ref.
Extrusion-based; non-heated	Tablet	Spironolactone	Content uniformity	Volume	Similar to commercial tablet: immediate release	Accepted by inpatients, family members, doctors, nurses and pharmacists	Dissolved in water prior to administration	[30]
		Hydrochlorothiazide
	Orodispersible tablet	Levetiracetam	Content uniformity	Number of layers	Immediate release	Tablet size not suitable for younger children	Orodispersible	[31]
	Orodispersible film	Levocetirizine	Content uniformity	Volume	Immediate release	-	Orodispersible	[32]
	Orodispersible film	Warfarin	Content uniformity	Volume	Immediate release	Acceptable size for children	Orodispersible	[33]
							Administration through feeding tube
	Chewable dosage form	Paracetamol	Drug content assay	Filament length	Extended release	Acceptable palatability	Chewable	[34]
		Ibuprofen
	Orodispersible tablet	Hydrochlorothiazide	Drug content assay	-	Immediate release	-	Orodispersible	[35]
	Orodispersible film	Warfarin	Drug content assay	Volume	Immediate release	-	Orodispersible	[36]
	Chewable dosage form	Lamotrigine	-	-	Immediate release	Various colors and shapes	Chewable	[37]
						Acceptable palatability
	Tablet	Jiuxiang Jianpi Yangwei (JJY)	-	-	-	Cartoon shapes	-	[38]
						Acceptable palatability
Extrusion-based; heated	Tablet	Furosemide	Content uniformity	Drug concentration	Immediate release	Size suitable for children	Swallowable	[39]
		Sildenafil
	Chewable tablet	Isoleucine	Drug content assay	Volume	Immediate release	Acceptable palatability;	Chewable	[40]
						Color and flavor patients choice
	Chewable dosage form	Paracetamol	Drug content assay	-	Paracetamol: immediate release	Cartoon shapes	Chewable	[41]
						Acceptable palatability
		Ibuprofen			Ibuprofen: pH dependent
						Pleasant texture
	Tablet	Caffeine	Drug content assay	-	Modified release	Taste masking	-	[42]
					Dependent on infill percentage
	Tablet	Rufinamide	Drug content assay	Multiple tablets	Enhanced drug release	-	-	[43]
	Chewable dosage form	Ranitidine	Drug content assay	-	Immediate and modified release	Candy shapes	Chewable	[44]
					Dependent on formulation	Acceptable palatability
	Orodispersible film	Diclofenac	Drug content assay	Surface area	Immediate release	Taste masking	Orodispersible	[45]
	Tablet	Caffeine	Mass variation	Volume	Dependent on tablet dimensions	Size suitable for children	Swallowable	[46]
		Propranolol
	Tablet	Lumefantrine	Drug content assay	-	Immediate release	Size suitable for children >6 years	Swallowable	[47]
	Oral dosage form	Amiodarone	-	Filament length	-	-	-	[48]
	Tablet	Praziquantel	Drug content assay	Drug concentration	Enhanced drug release	Taste masking	-	[49]
	Tablet	Baclofen	-	Volume	Modified release	Size suitable for children	Swallowable	[50]
	Chewable tablet	Indomethacin	-	-	Immediate release	Candy shapes	Chewable	[51]
						Taste masking
Drop-on-powder	Tablet	Theophylline	Content uniformity	Volume	Similar to commercial tablet: sustained release (theophylline); immediate release (metoprolol tartrate)	-	-	[52]
				Drug concentration
		Metoprolol tartrate		Number of ink spraying times
	Orodispersible tablet	Levetiracetam	-	Volume	Similar to commercial tablet: immediate release	Colorful cartoon shapes	Orodispersible	[53]
Inkjet	Orodispersible film	Warfarin	Content uniformity	Surface area	Immediate release	Acceptable size for children	Orodispersible	[33]
							Administration through feeding tube
	Orodispersible film	Metoprolol tartrate	Content uniformity	Printing resolution	-	-	Orodispersible	[54]
	Orodispersible film	Salbutamol	Drug content assay	Drug concentration	-	Size suitable for children	Orodispersible	[55]
	Orodispersible film	Clonidine	Drug content assay	Drug concentration	Similar to solvent casting: immediate release	-	Orodispersible	[56]
	Orodispersible film	Enalapril	Drug content assay	-	-	-	Orodispersible	[57]
	Orodispersible film	Vitamin B1, B2, B3, B6	Drug content assay	Number of ink spraying times	-	-	Orodispersible	[58]
	Orodispersible film	Propranolol	Drug content assay	Number of ink spraying times	Immediate release	Acceptable palatability	Orodispersible	[59]