Table 1. Baseline characteristics.
| Variables | UPCR | P for trend | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 (< 3.0 g/gCr) | Q2 (3.0–5.4 g/gCr) | Q3 (5.4–8.8 g/gCr) | Q4(> 8.8 g/gCr) | ||
| N = 91 | N = 90 | N = 91 | N = 90 | ||
| UPCR (g/gCr) | 1.9 [1.2–2.5] | 4.1 [3.6–4.6] | 6.7 [6.1–7.6] | 11.3 [9.9–14.1] | <0.001 |
| Age (years) | 69.0 (11.4) | 67.6 (11.4) | 64.1 (13.9) | 61.5 (13.4) | <0.001 |
| Male (%) | 82.4 | 74.4 | 65.6 | 68.9 | 0.02 |
| Dialysis catheters (%) | 8.8 | 2.2 | 6.7 | 2.2 | 0.14 |
| Classification of diabetes | |||||
| Type 1 (%) | 2.2 | 2.2 | 6.7 | 3.3 | 0.37 |
| Type 2 (%) | 96.7 | 97.8 | 93.3 | 96.7 | 0.62 |
| Pancreatic (%) | 1.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NA |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 15.5 [7.5–26.0] | 14.6 [9.2–22.4] | 15.3 [8.4–20.7] | 14.9 [8.0–22.0] | 0.67 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 145 (25) | 149 (21) | 155 (24) | 161 (25) | <0.001 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2) | 6.1 (2.5) | 5.2 (1.7) | 5.2 (1.7) | 4.9 (1.9) | <0.001 |
| Renal length (mm) | 94.2 (12.9) | 93.7 (13.0) | 99.1 (13.5) | 102.1 (12.8) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index | |||||
| At dialysis initiation | 24.2 (4.2) | 25.0 (4.4) | 24.6 (4.1) | 26.9 (5.4) | 0.001 |
| At discharge | 22.5 (3.9) | 23.0 (3.8) | 22.3 (3.9) | 23.1 (3.9) | 0.49 |
| Overhydration rate (%) | 6.3 [2.3–11.8] | 6.4 [3.9–10.8] | 8.7 [3.6–16.4] | 14.6 [6.9–22.8] | <0.001 |
| Laboratory data | |||||
| Albumin (g/dL) | 3.3 (0.6) | 3.1 (0.5) | 2.9 (0.5) | 2.5 (0.5) | <0.001 |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 79 (24) | 87 (30) | 93 (35) | 109 (52) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 6.1 (0.9) | 5.8 (0.6) | 6.0 (0.7) | 6.1 (1.1) | 0.85 |
| Prior history (%) | |||||
| Advanced diabetic retinopathy | 32.1 | 37.5 | 53.2 | 48.2 | 0.01 |
| Coronary artery disease | 24.2 | 17.8 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 0.02 |
| Heart failure | 30.8 | 25.6 | 20.0 | 13.3 | 0.004 |
| Cerebral infarction | 15.4 | 18.9 | 11.1 | 5.6 | 0.02 |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 15.4 | 13.3 | 5.6 | 11.1 | 0.17 |
| Smoking status (%) | |||||
| Current | 18.7 | 12.2 | 21.1 | 30.0 | 0.03 |
| Past | 30.8 | 27.8 | 20.0 | 28.9 | 0.52 |
| Never | 44.0 | 56.7 | 55.6 | 40.0 | 0.59 |
| Unknown | 6.6 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 1.1 | 0.07 |
| Prescriptions (%) | |||||
| Aspirin | 39.6 | 43.3 | 34.4 | 30.0 | 0.10 |
| Statin | 29.7 | 41.1 | 45.6 | 54.4 | 0.001 |
| Insulin | 29.7 | 34.4 | 40.0 | 48.9 | 0.01 |
| RAAS inhibitors | 58.2 | 56.7 | 52.2 | 51.1 | 0.27 |
Data are presented as mean standard deviation (SD), median (interquartile range), or percentages. P for trend across quartiles of UPCR is examined using linear or logistic regression, as appropriate. Advanced diabetic retinopathy is defined as proliferative diabetic retinopathy or a history of panretinal photocoagulation. Log (OH-R+6) is used for the logarithmic transformation of the overhydration rate.
Abbreviations: eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin A1c; LDL, low density lipoprotein; NA, not available; OH-R, overhydration rate; RAAS, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; UPCR, urinary protein creatinine ratio.