Table 1.

Modulation of PDEs in heart failure.

PDE	Expression	Activity	Localization	References
PDE2	↑	↑	↑ activity around β2-AR and PLB↓activity around β1-AR	[134,141,180]
PDE3	↓ ↑	↓ ↑	↑ activity around β1-AR	[141,181,182,183,184,185]
PDE4	↓	↓	↓PDE4D activity around RyR	[40,63,76,79,183,186]
PDE5	↑	↑	From Z-line localization to diffuse localization	[187,188,189,190,191]
PDE9	↑	↑		[105]
PDE10	↑	↑		[3]

Upregulated for an arrow that points up, and downregulated for the arrow that points down.