Table 2.
Student’s perception about good practice in HAI from Portugal and International sample (including Poland Spain, and Finland).
| International | Portugal | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Min | Max | Mean | Stand. Dev. | Min | Max | Mean | Stand. Dev. | |
| QI-p1—Chain of Infection | 1 | 5 | 3.84 | 1.15 | 1 | 5 | 4.35 | 0.76 |
| QI-p2—Individual Assessment of risk | 1 | 5 | 3.81 | 1.00 | 1 | 5 | 3.95 | 0.91 |
| QI-p3—Hand Hygiene | 1 | 5 | 4.82 | 0.52 | 1 | 5 | 4.87 | 0.41 |
| QI-p4—Respiratory tract infection | 1 | 5 | 4.08 | 0.91 | 1 | 5 | 4.35 | 0.72 |
| QI-p5—Use of Personal Protective Equipment | 1 | 5 | 4.29 | 0.83 | 2 | 5 | 4.51 | 0.68 |
| QI-p6—Decontamination medical devices | 1 | 5 | 3.84 | 1.05 | 1 | 5 | 3.82 | 0.95 |
| QI-p7—Decontamination of environmental surfaces | 1 | 5 | 3.72 | 1.03 | 1 | 5 | 3.75 | 0.91 |
| QI-p8—Protective Clothing | 1 | 5 | 3.95 | 0.97 | 1 | 5 | 3.98 | 0.91 |
| QI-p9—Clinical waste management | 1 | 5 | 4.20 | 0.91 | 1 | 5 | 4.39 | 0.75 |
| QI-p10—Preparation and administration of intravenous medications | 1 | 5 | 4.47 | 0.82 | 1 | 5 | 4.59 | 0.66 |
| QI-p11—Exposure to microbial agents | 1 | 5 | 4.05 | 0.86 | 1 | 5 | 4.19 | 0.73 |
| QI-p12—Additional Precautions | 1 | 5 | 3.63 | 0.98 | 1 | 5 | 3.73 | 0.89 |
| QII-p1—Mandatory Courses | 1 | 5 | 3.62 | 1.13 | 1 | 5 | 3.65 | 1.12 |
| QII-p2—Theoretical Classes | 1 | 5 | 4.17 | 0.88 | 2 | 5 | 4.46 | 0.68 |
| QII-p3—Workshops or classes | 1 | 5 | 3.42 | 1.16 | 1 | 5 | 3.23 | 1.11 |
| QII-p4—Visual resources and other technology | 1 | 5 | 3.69 | 1.07 | 1 | 5 | 3.85 | 1.00 |
| QII-p5—Teachers discuss HAI measures | 1 | 5 | 4.14 | 0.85 | 2 | 5 | 4.32 | 0.74 |
| QIII-p1—Adequate technological resources | 1 | 5 | 3.73 | 1.14 | 1 | 5 | 3.77 | 1.11 |
| QIII-p2—Student to teacher ratio | 1 | 5 | 3.59 | 1.18 | 1 | 5 | 3.43 | 1.15 |
| QIII-p3—Laboratory Classes | 1 | 5 | 3.03 | 1.28 | 1 | 5 | 2.71 | 1.23 |
| QIII-p4—Simulation | 1 | 5 | 3.56 | 1.10 | 1 | 5 | 3.74 | 1.04 |
| QIII-p5—Feedback from teachers | 1 | 5 | 3.69 | 1.01 | 1 | 5 | 3.78 | 0.93 |
| QIV-p1—Hand hygiene supplies | 1 | 5 | 4.30 | 0.88 | 1 | 5 | 4.15 | 0.95 |
| QIV-p2—Bare below the elbows policy | 1 | 5 | 3.69 | 1.26 | 1 | 5 | 3.83 | 1.17 |
| QIV-p3—Link nurses | 1 | 5 | 3.10 | 1.12 | 1 | 5 | 2.94 | 1.09 |
| QIV-p4—HAI-related resources | 1 | 5 | 4.07 | 0.90 | 1 | 5 | 4.05 | 0.90 |
| QIV-p5—Visual reminders in key areas | 1 | 5 | 4.38 | 0.76 | 1 | 5 | 4.34 | 0.78 |
| QIV-p6—Alcohol-based hand sanitizers key areas | 1 | 5 | 4.39 | 0.83 | 1 | 5 | 4.24 | 0.88 |
| QIV-p7—Personal Protective Equipment key areas | 1 | 5 | 4.25 | 0.88 | 1 | 5 | 4.18 | 0.90 |
| QV-p1—Hand hygiene is promoted | 1 | 5 | 4.38 | 0.72 | 1 | 5 | 4.27 | 0.72 |
| QV-p2—Colleagues follow safety protocols | 1 | 5 | 3.89 | 0.81 | 1 | 5 | 3.72 | 0.77 |
| QV-p3—Working personnel follow safety protocols | 1 | 5 | 3.58 | 0.91 | 1 | 5 | 3.39 | 0.89 |
| QV-p4—Guidance from supervisor | 1 | 5 | 3.98 | 0.92 | 1 | 5 | 4.07 | 0.787 |
| QV-p5—Supervisor makes sure I use PPE | 1 | 5 | 4.11 | 0.91 | 1 | 5 | 4.18 | 0.81 |
| QV-p6—Receive feedback if I do not follow HAI measures | 1 | 5 | 4.04 | 0.92 | 1 | 5 | 4.16 | 0.87 |
| QV-p7—Nursing team motivates me to follow HAI measures | 1 | 5 | 3.93 | 0.93 | 1 | 5 | 3.99 | 0.90 |
| QVI-p1—HAI risk in all moments of patient care | 1 | 5 | 4.36 | 0.86 | 1 | 5 | 4.61 | 0.63 |
| QVI-p2—I feel responsible for HAI prevention and control | 1 | 5 | 4.70 | 0.59 | 2 | 5 | 4.74 | 0.53 |
| QVI-p3—I refuse to take care of patients if I cannot comply with HAI measures | 1 | 5 | 3.77 | 1.04 | 1 | 5 | 3.75 | 1.02 |
| QVI-p4—All HAI protocols must be followed | 1 | 5 | 4.62 | 0.63 | 2 | 5 | 4.53 | 0.64 |
| QVI-p5—Safety measures contribute to prevent infection spread | 1 | 5 | 4.62 | 0.61 | 2 | 5 | 4.62 | 0.56 |
| QVI-p6—I value theoretical recommendations more than my own opinion | 1 | 5 | 4.00 | 0.90 | 1 | 5 | 3.88 | 0.92 |
| QVII-p1—Some HAI protocols are unnecessary | 1 | 5 | 2.02 | 0.96 | 1 | 5 | 1.95 | 0.98 |
| QVII-p2—I express my reservations | 1 | 5 | 2.13 | 1.06 | 1 | 5 | 1.96 | 1.02 |
| QVII-p3—Use of so much disposable material is unnecessary | 1 | 5 | 2.06 | 1.09 | 1 | 5 | 1.90 | 1.00 |
| QVII-p4—PPE is uncomfortable | 1 | 5 | 2.59 | 1.096 | 1 | 5 | 2.40 | 1.11 |
| QVII-p5—My supervisor is constantly monitoring my HAI measures | 1 | 5 | 2.40 | 1.171 | 1 | 5 | 2.41 | 1.15 |
| QVIII-p1—Easy to comply with safety protocols | 1 | 5 | 4.00 | 0.78 | 2 | 5 | 4.13 | 0.68 |
| QVIII-p2—I still follow safety measures | 1 | 5 | 4.55 | 0.63 | 1 | 5 | 4.55 | 0.62 |
| QVIII-p3—I comply with HAI measures under unexpected events | 1 | 5 | 3.97 | 0.79 | 2 | 5 | 3.87 | 0.73 |
| QVIII-p4—I comply with HAI measures under stressful events | 1 | 5 | 3.96 | 0.85 | 1 | 5 | 3.89 | 0.81 |
| QIX-p1—Satisfied with my career choice | 1 | 5 | 4.33 | 0.87 | 1 | 5 | 4.27 | 0.85 |
| QIX-p2—My clinical placements keep me motivated | 1 | 5 | 4.13 | 0.97 | 1 | 5 | 4.06 | 0.93 |
| QIX-p3—Very interested in continuing a career in nursing | 1 | 5 | 4.48 | 0.80 | 1 | 5 | 4.44 | 0.80 |
| QIX-p4—Being a nurse fulfills my expectations | 1 | 5 | 4.31 | 0.90 | 1 | 5 | 4.30 | 0.87 |
| QX-p1—Academic overload | 1 | 5 | 3.81 | 0.99 | 1 | 5 | 4.25 | 0.76 |
| QX-p2—Difficult moments in my personal life | 1 | 5 | 3.62 | 1.02 | 1 | 5 | 3.96 | 0.89 |
| QX-p3—Feeling tired during clinical placements | 1 | 5 | 3.51 | 1.03 | 1 | 5 | 3.62 | 0.96 |
| QX-p4—Emotionally tired | 1 | 5 | 3.50 | 1.12 | 1 | 5 | 3.94 | 0.92 |
| QX-p5—Mentally tired | 1 | 5 | 3.59 | 1.08 | 1 | 5 | 3.96 | 0.88 |
| QX-p6—Physically tired | 1 | 5 | 3.55 | 1.04 | 1 | 5 | 3.92 | 0.88 |
| QXI-p1—Unorganized rooms or units | 1 | 5 | 2.76 | 0.96 | 1 | 5 | 2.82 | 0.98 |
| QXI-p2—Too many patients in the same space | 1 | 5 | 2.82 | 1.08 | 1 | 5 | 3.00 | 1.04 |
| QXI-p3—Number of requests from patients and family | 1 | 5 | 3.03 | 0.99 | 1 | 5 | 3.10 | 0.98 |
| QXI-p4—Talking with peers | 1 | 5 | 2.61 | 1.07 | 1 | 5 | 2.48 | 0.96 |
| QXI-p5—Caring for patients with multiple conditions | 1 | 5 | 2.86 | 1.02 | 1 | 5 | 2.81 | 0.95 |
| QXI-p6—Emotionally demanding cases | 1 | 5 | 3.03 | 1.01 | 1 | 5 | 3.17 | 1.01 |
| QXI-p7—Having to perform multiples clinical tasks | 1 | 5 | 3.11 | 1.00 | 1 | 5 | 3.15 | 0.98 |
| QXII-p1—My main drive is patient health | 1 | 5 | 4.55 | 0.62 | 2 | 5 | 4.54 | 0.60 |
| QXII-p2—I understand its implications | 1 | 5 | 4.59 | 0.58 | 2 | 5 | 4.63 | 0.54 |
| QXII-p3—I aim for quality care | 1 | 5 | 4.76 | 0.50 | 2 | 5 | 4.76 | 0.49 |
| QXII-p4—I am concerned about my patients’ safety | 1 | 5 | 4.78 | 0.50 | 2 | 5 | 4.81 | 0.44 |
| QXII-p5 I am concerned about my own safety | 1 | 5 | 4.77 | 0.57 | 2 | 5 | 4.80 | 0.47 |
| QXII-p6—I want to implement prevention measures | 1 | 5 | 4.56 | 0.66 | 2 | 5 | 4.60 | 0.61 |
| QXII-p7—I am driven by professional ethics | 1 | 5 | 4.23 | 0.88 | 1 | 5 | 4.03 | 0.96 |
| QXII-p8—I will get better grades | 1 | 5 | 3.52 | 1.18 | 1 | 5 | 3.35 | 1.21 |
| QXII-p9—Other team members would think better of me | 1 | 5 | 3.60 | 1.17 | 1 | 5 | 3.30 | 1.20 |
| QXII-p10—Other team members also follow them | 1 | 5 | 3.66 | 1.05 | 1 | 5 | 3.37 | 1.12 |
| QXII-p11—I will meet the expectations of my supervisor | 1 | 5 | 3.92 | 1.09 | 1 | 5 | 3.66 | 1.13 |
| QXIII-p1—Forgotten to follow safety protocols | 1 | 5 | 2.26 | 0.98 | 1 | 5 | 2.24 | 0.95 |
| QXIII-p2—Worn accessories below the elbows | 1 | 5 | 1.64 | 1.10 | 1 | 5 | 1.33 | 0.82 |
| QXIII-p3—Not used gloves | 1 | 5 | 1.74 | 1.02 | 1 | 5 | 1.69 | 0.93 |
| QXIII-p4—Not washed and/or disinfected my hands | 1 | 5 | 1.65 | 0.90 | 1 | 5 | 1.72 | 0.89 |
| QXIII-p5—Not face masks | 1 | 5 | 1.63 | 0.93 | 1 | 5 | 1.66 | 0.89 |
| QXIII-p6—Assisted a patient without changing PPE | 1 | 5 | 1.56 | 0.92 | 1 | 5 | 1.41 | 0.81 |
| QXIV-p1—HAI-dedicated course | 1 | 5 | 2.74 | 1.37 | 1 | 5 | 2.46 | 1.40 |
| QXIV-p2—General courses | 1 | 5 | 3.67 | 1.01 | 1 | 5 | 3.77 | 0.97 |
| QXIV-p3—From my classmates | 1 | 5 | 3.02 | 1.08 | 1 | 5 | 3.22 | 1.03 |
| QXIV-p4—Simulation | 1 | 5 | 3.37 | 1.19 | 1 | 5 | 3.32 | 1.20 |
| QXIV-p5—Ward nurses during clinical placement | 1 | 5 | 4.02 | 0.87 | 1 | 5 | 4.03 | 0.81 |
| QXIV-p6—School supervisors during clinical placement | 1 | 5 | 3.91 | 0.97 | 1 | 5 | 3.97 | 0.90 |
| QXIV-p7—Other professionals during clinical placement | 1 | 5 | 3.32 | 1.23 | 1 | 5 | 3.26 | 1.20 |
| QXIV-p8—Specialized literature | 1 | 5 | 3.39 | 1.19 | 1 | 5 | 3.52 | 1.11 |
| S1_HETheory | 1.75 | 5.00 | 4.06 | 0.56 | 2.00 | 5.00 | 4.21 | 0.48 |
| S2_HEApproach | 1.00 | 5.00 | 3.81 | 0.73 | 1.60 | 5.00 | 3.90 | 0.66 |
| S3_HEPractice | 1.00 | 5.00 | 3.52 | 0.84 | 1.00 | 5.00 | 3.49 | 0.78 |
| S4_HIPractice | 1.57 | 5.00 | 4.03 | 0.59 | 1.57 | 5.00 | 3.96 | 0.61 |
| S5_HICulture | 1.00 | 5.00 | 3.99 | 0.64 | 1.71 | 5.00 | 3.97 | 0.59 |
| S6_Pattitude | 1.3 | 5.0 | 4.34 | 0.46 | 2.0 | 5.0 | 4.36 | 0.44 |
| S7_Pobject | 1.00 | 5.00 | 2.24 | 0.75 | 1.00 | 5.00 | 2.12 | 0.77 |
| S8_SelfEff | 1.5 | 5.0 | 4.12 | 0.56 | 2.0 | 5.0 | 4.11 | 0.52 |
| S9_Cmotivation | 1.00 | 5.00 | 4.32 | 0.76 | 1.00 | 5.00 | 4.27 | 0.74 |
| S10_Fatigue | 1.00 | 5.00 | 3.60 | 0.85 | 1.83 | 5.00 | 3.94 | 0.68 |
| S11_Distract | 1.00 | 5.00 | 2.89 | 0.70 | 1.00 | 5.00 | 2.94 | 0.69 |
| S12_Motive | 1.36 | 5.00 | 4.27 | 0.48 | 2.00 | 5.00 | 4.17 | 0.48 |
| S12A_Imotive | 1.00 | 5.00 | 4.67 | 0.42 | 2.00 | 5.00 | 4.69 | 0.39 |
| S12B_Emotive | 1.00 | 5.00 | 3.79 | 0.85 | 1.00 | 5.00 | 3.54 | 0.90 |
| S13_SRPrac | 1.00 | 5.00 | 1.74 | 0.68 | 1.00 | 5.00 | 1.68 | 0.63 |
| S14_Source | 1.00 | 5.00 | 3.43 | 0.66 | 1.00 | 5.00 | 3.44 | 0.66 |
Min: minimum value; Max: maximum value; Stand. Dev.: standard deviation.