Table 4.
Intake of fruits, vegetables and vitamins according to tertiles of Nitric Oxide and Malodialdehyde levels in mothers and newborns.
| Nitric Oxide (µmol/L) † | ||||||
| Mothers | Newborns | |||||
|
Tertile 1 (1.0 to 6.5) p50 (p25, p75) |
Tertile 2 (6.8 to 22.8) p50 (p25, p75) |
Tertile 3 (23.0 to 384.4) p50 (p25, p75) |
Tertile 1 (0 to 9.6) p50 (p25, p75) |
Tertile 2 (10.2 to 29.1) p50 (p25, p75) |
Tertile 3 (29.2 to 231.9) p50 (p25, p75) |
|
| Fruits (g/d) | 336 (272, 419) | 293 (234, 369) | 242 (215, 271) | 328 (253, 398) | 297 (234, 363) | 252 (214, 310) |
| Vegetables (g/d) | 235 (198, 299) | 207 (162, 262) | 166 (150, 193) | 224 (183, 271) | 211 (164, 262) | 177 (150, 217) |
| Folate (μg/d) | 296 (224, 391) | 247 (178, 334) | 189 (157, 221) | 285 (201, 367) | 253 (178, 328) | 201 (157, 267) |
| Vitamin A (ER/d) | 784 (635, 1045) | 675 (493, 902) | 508 (448, 615) | 741 (572, 934) | 699 (497, 886) | 554 (448, 722) |
| Vitamin C (mg/d) | 187 (153, 220) | 167 (144, 202) | 149 (135, 163) | 184 (149, 210) | 167 (147, 197) | 155 (135, 179) |
| Vitamin B12 (μg/d) | 4.2 (3.4, 5.7) | 3.6 (2.6, 4.9) | 2.6 (2.3, 3.2) | 4.0 (3.0, 5.0) | 3.7 (2.6, 4.8) | 2.9 (2.3, 3.9) |
| Vitamin E (mg/d) | 4.7 (3.9, 5.6) | 4.2 (3.5, 5.0) | 3.6 (3.3, 3.9) | 4.6 (3.7, 5.4) | 4.2 (3.5, 4.9) | 3.8 (3.3, 4.3) |
| Perinatal folic acid supplementation | ||||||
| 0–4 weeks of gestation, n (%) | 32 (47.8) | 30 (44.8) | 5 (7.4) | 33 (56.9) | 17 (29.3) | 8 (13.8) |
| 5–20 weeks of gestation, n (%) | 32 (25.2) | 39 (30.7) | 56 (44.1) | 25 (21.6) | 44 (37.9) | 47 (40.5) |
| >20 weeks of gestation, n (%) | 4 (17.4) | 6 (26.1) | 13 (56.5) | 5 (21.8) | 7 (30.4) | 11 (47.8) |
| Malondialdehyde (µmol/L) † | ||||||
| Mothers | Newborns | |||||
|
Tertile 1 (0 to 11.8) p50 (p25, p75) |
Tertile 2 (11.9 to 30.3) p50 (p25, p75) |
Tertile 3 (30.8 to 707.9) p50 (p25, p75) |
Tertile 1 (0 to 0.72) p50 (p25, p75) |
Tertile 2 (0.74 to 26.1) p50 (p25, p75) |
Tertile 3 (28.4 to 700.8) p50 (p25, p75) |
|
| Fruits (g/d) | 325 (246, 422) | 398 (257, 366) | 245 (209, 275) | 339 (283, 419) | 297 (237, 366) | 247 (216, 276) |
| Vegetables (g/d) | 217 (171, 294) | 223 (186, 262) | 172 (149, 193) | 239 (198, 294) | 211 (166, 263) | 173 (149, 191) |
| Folate intake (μg/d) | 283 (1934, 393) | 277 (207, 332) | 191 (152, 228) | 300 (235, 391) | 253 (183, 332) | 192 (157, 229) |
| Vitamin A intake (REd) | 733 (531, 1034) | 731 (586, 898) | 529 (432, 614) | 815 (636, 1032) | 706 (506, 896) | 549 (442, 615) |
| Vitamin C intake (mg/d) | 183 (149, 224) | 177 (152, 197) | 151 (135, 167) | 184 (156, 221) | 166 (146, 202) | 151 (135, 167) |
| Vitamin B12 intake (μg/d) | 3.9 (2.8, 5.6) | 3.9 (3.1, 4.9) | 2.6 (2.2, 3.2) | 4.4 (3.4, 5.6) | 3.8 (2.6, 4.8) | 2.9 (2.3, 3.2) |
| Vitamin E intake (mg/d) | 4.5 (3.6, 5.7) | 4.4 (3.7, 5.0) | 3.6 (3.2, 3.9) | 4.6 (4.0, 5.6) | 4.2 (3.5, 5.0) | 3.7 (3.3, 4.0) |
| Perinatal folic acid supplementation | ||||||
| 0–4 weeks of gestation, n (%) | 30 (44.8) | 28 (41.8) | 9 (13.4) | 29 (50.0) | 23 (39.7) | 6 (10.3) |
| 5–20 weeks of gestation, n (%) | 35 (28.7) | 40 (32.8) | 47 (38.5) | 35 (31.0) | 28 (24.8) | 50 (44.2) |
| >20 weeks of gestation, n (%) | 4 (18.2) | 5 (22.7) | 13 (59.1) | 4 (17.4) | 9 (39.1) | 10 (43.5) |
† Fruit, vegetable and vitamin intake data were adjusted for total caloric intake and Body Mass Index before pregnancy using quantile regression models. Kruskal–Wallis test and Pearson’s χ2 test; all differences between tertiles were statistically significant (p < 0.05). p, percentile; RE retinol equivalents.