Table 1. Population characteristics by baseline olfaction status (n = 2161).
| Variable | Olfaction status | P | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anosmia (n = 323) | Hyposmia (n = 384) | Moderate (n = 738) | Good (n = 716) | ||
| Age in years, mean (SD) | 76.4 (2.9) | 75.8 (2.9) | 75.6 (3.0) | 75.2 (2.6) | <0.001 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 208(64.4) | 218(56.8) | 345(46.7) | 267(37.3) | <0.001 |
| Black race, n (%) | 164(50.8) | 154(40.1) | 289(39.2) | 217(30.3) | <0.001 |
| Site, n (%) | |||||
| Memphis | 164(50.8) | 210(54.7) | 372(50.4) | 317(44.3) | 0.006 |
| Pittsburgh | 159(49.2) | 174(45.3) | 366(49.6) | 399(55.7) | |
| Education, n (%) | |||||
| <high school | 112(34.7) | 115(29.9) | 160(21.7) | 106(14.8) | <0.001 |
| ≥high school | 211(65.3) | 269(70.1) | 578(78.3) | 610(85.2) | |
| BMI, n (%) | |||||
| <25 kg/m2 | 116(35.9) | 148(38.5) | 236(32) | 232(32.4) | 0.110 |
| 25–30 kg/m2 | 143 (44.3) | 151 (39.3) | 307 (41.6) | 313 (43.7) | |
| >30 kg/m2 | 64(19.8) | 85(22.1) | 195(26.4) | 171(23.9) | |
| Smoking, n (%) | |||||
| Current | 30(9.3) | 34(8.9) | 55(7.5) | 34(4.7) | 0.011 |
| Former | 165(51.1) | 180(46.9) | 363(49.2) | 329(45.9) | |
| Never | 128(39.6) | 170(44.3) | 320(43.4) | 353(49.3) | |
| Alcohol consumption, n (%) | |||||
| Current | 154(47.7) | 193(50.3) | 372(50.4) | 394(55) | <0.001 |
| Former | 96(29.7) | 90(23.4) | 151(20.5) | 119(16.6) | |
| Never | 73(22.6) | 101(26.3) | 215(29.1) | 203(28.4) | |
| Brisk walking, n (%) | |||||
| <90 min/wk | 299(92.6) | 344(89.6) | 668(90.5) | 626(87.4) | 0.061 |
| ≥90 min/wk | 24(7.4) | 40(10.4) | 70(9.5) | 90(12.6) | |
| General health status, n (%) | |||||
| Fair to poor | 80(24.8) | 82(21.4) | 113(15.3) | 104(14.5) | <0.001 |
| Excellent to good | 243(75.2) | 302(78.6) | 625(84.7) | 612(85.5) | |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 90(27.9) | 85(22.1) | 167(22.6) | 141(19.7) | 0.035 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 235(72.8) | 284(74) | 550(74.5) | 509(71.1) | 0.496 |
| CVD, n (%) | 83(25.7) | 123(32) | 217(29.4) | 203(28.4) | 0.304 |
| Chronic lung diseases, n (%) | 61(18.9) | 75(19.5) | 147(19.9) | 100(14) | 0.015 |
| LDL-C in mg/dL, mean (SD) | 121.2 (35.4) | 120.8 (34.8) | 120.9 (32.4) | 122.5 (36.5) | 0.807 |
| HDL-C in mg/dL, median (IQR) | 40.0 (11.0) | 42.0 (11.0) | 41.0 (11.0) | 44.0 (11.0) | 0.008 |
| Albumin in g/dL, mean (SD) | 3.97 (0.30) | 3.96 (0.32) | 3.98 (0.30) | 4.0 (0.31) | 0.288 |
| Antihypertensive drugs, n (%) | 171(52.9) | 244(63.5) | 453(61.4) | 418(58.4) | 0.020 |
| Statins, n (%) | 57(17.6) | 82(21.4) | 139(18.8) | 150(20.9) | 0.465 |
| eGFR in ml/min/1.73 m2, mean (SD) | 72.0 (18.2) | 73.8 (18.8) | 78.1 (18.1) | 78.4 (18.0) | <0.001 |
| eGFR, n (%) | |||||
| <60 ml/min/1.73 m2 | 85(26.3) | 89(23.2) | 123(16.7) | 117(16.3) | <0.001 |
| 60–89 ml/min/1.73 m2 | 182(56.3) | 209(54.4) | 414(56.1) | 401(56.0) | |
| ≥90 ml/min/1.73 m2 | 56(17.3) | 86(22.4) | 201(27.2) | 198(27.7) | |
Abbreviation: SD: standard deviation; LDL-C: LDL-cholesterol; HDL-C: HDL-cholesterol; BMI: Body mass index; CVD: Cardiovascular diseases; IQR: interquartile range; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate on the serum creatinine and cystatin C level.
a. P values for categorical variables were from Chi-square tests and for continuous variables were from ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis Test where appropriate.