Table 2. Association of olfactory function with eGFR at baseline.
| N. | Mean eGFR, ml/min per 1.73 m2 (S.D.) | Difference in eGFR across olfaction groups (95% CI) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1a | P | Model 2b | P | |||
| All participants, n = 2161 | ||||||
| Olfactory function | ||||||
| Anosmia | 323 | 72.0 (18.2) | -2.68 (-5.01, -0.35) | 0.024 | -3.00 (-5.25, -0.75) | 0.009 |
| Hyposmia | 384 | 73.8 (18.8) | -2.17 (-4.32, -0.01) | 0.049 | -1.87 (-3.94, 0.21) | 0.078 |
| Moderate | 738 | 78.1 (18.1) | 0.94 (-0.82, 2.71) | 0.295 | 1.15 (-0.55, 2.85) | 0.186 |
| Good | 716 | 78.4 (18.0) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Trend P < 0.001 | Trend P < 0.001 | |||||
| Participants with baseline eGFR ≥ 60 ml/min per 1.73 m2, n = 1747 | ||||||
| Olfactory function | ||||||
| Anosmia | 238 | 80.2 (12.7) | -2.38 (-4.29, -0.46) | 0.002 | -2.35 (-4.25, -0.45) | 0.015 |
| Hyposmia | 295 | 81.7 (12.7) | -1.26 (-3.00, 0.49) | 0.156 | -1.18 (-2.89, 0.53) | 0.177 |
| Moderate | 615 | 83.9 (13.0) | 0.36 (-1.03, 1.75) | 0.615 | 0.54 (-0.84, 1.91) | 0.444 |
| Good | 599 | 84.1 (13.1) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Trend P = 0.001 | Trend P = 0.003 | |||||
Abbreviations: eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate on the serum creatinine and cystatin C level; S.D.: standard deviation; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval.
a adjusted for age, gender, race, research site, education, smoking status, alcohol consumption, brisk walking
b further adjusted for self-reported general health status, BMI, diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, chronic lung diseases, LDL-cholesterol, log-transformed HDL-cholesterol, albumin, antihypertensive drugs, and statins uses.