Table 4. Unadjusted odds ratios, with 95% confidence intervals of formal healthcare service use for environmental and population characteristics in urban slums in Nigeria.

Characteristics	Unadjusted Model
Slum type
Migrant	0.70 (0.51–0.97)*
Indigenous	0.65 (0.45–0.93)*
Cosmopolitan (ref.)	1.00
Presenting medical complaints
Communicable disease	0.50 (0.34–0.72)*
Maternal & Perinatal conditions	3.48 (1.21–10.06)*
Non-communicable disease	0.61 (0.41–0.91)*
Generalized pains (ref.)	1.00
Age
Young adulthood: 18–35 years	1.06 (0.79–1.44)
Middle age: 36–55 years	0.92 (0.67–1.25)
Older adulthood: 56 year +(ref.)	1.00
Sex
Female	1.12 (0.89–1.42)
Male (ref.)	1.00
Marital Status
Married/ cohabiting (ref.)	1.00
Divorced/Separated/Widowed	0.85 (0.63–1.15)
Never married/cohabited	0.94 (0.69–1.27)
Highest level of education
Below secondary	1.15 (0.87–1.52)
Secondary and Tertiary (ref.)	1.00
Employment status
Not employed	1.45 (1.08–1.93)*
Employed (ref.)	1.00
Household poverty measure
Less than $1.90 per day	0.79 (0.63–1.00)*
$1.90 and above per day (ref.)	1.00
Has health insurance
No	0.39 (0.17–0.91)*
Yes (ref.)	1.00

OR–Odds ratio. CI–Confidence interval

*p≤0.05 Outcome: ‘formal healthcare facility use:1 versus ‘informal healthcare facility use: 0.

Source: Computed by the authors from data collected in the survey for the study.