Table 3.

Studies included in the review.

Author, year, country	Study design	Study population	Intervention	Outcomes redox status biomarkers of oxidative stress	Results
Jones et al. [37] 2011 USA	Quasiexperimental pilot study, single arm	N: 16 Aged: 64 ± 10 Cancer: Lung	Type: aerobic exercise cycle ergometer session included a 5 min warm-up and 5 min cool down Frequency: 3x week Intensity: 60 to ≥70% of baseline peak workload Time: 14 weeks	Primary outcomes F2–isoprostanes iPF(2 alpha)-III, iPF(2 alpha)-VI, 8,12-iso-iPF(2 alpha)-VI Prostaglandin 2,3-dinor-iPF (2 alpha)-III, ametabolite of iPF (2 alpha)-III Secondary outcomes VO2peak Peak workload	iPF(2-alpha)-III Pre: 0.15 ± 0.13 post: 0.24 ± 0.22 Change: +55% P = 0, .10 2,3-dinor-iPF (2 alpha)-III Pre: 3.05 ± 2.67, post: 3.63 ± 4.02 Change: +19% P = 0.60 iPF (2-alpha)-VI Pre: 2.85 ± 1.33, post: 3.66 ± 2.12 Change: +29% P = 0.04 8,12-iso-iPF (2alpha)-VI Pre: 2.12 ± 1.25, post: 2.71 ± 1.84 Change: +28% P = 0.07 VO2peak Change: 1.13 ± 0.21P = 0.14 Peak workload Change: 10 Watts P < 0.001
Karimi and Roshan [34] 2012 Iran	RCT	N: 40 Aged: 48 ± 6 Cancer: breast CG: placebo EG1: water-base exercise CG: ginger supplementation EG2: Exercises + Ginger supplementation	Type: water-based exercise, 10′ warm up, 20-60′ water aerobic exercise and 10′ cool down Frequency: 4 times per week Time: 6 weeks Type: supplementation 3 capsules 750 mg of ginger rhizome powder Frequency: 4 times per day with breakfast, lunch, dinner and afternoon. Time: 6 weeks	Primary outcomes GPx MDA NO Secondary outcome Adiponectin	GPx CG placebo Pre: 25.1 ± 5.47, post: 24.3 ± 4.62 EG1 exercise Pre: 25.9 ± 2.51, post: 36.9 ± 2.42P < 0.05 CG supplementation Pre: 27.3 ± 2.26, post: 31.8 ± 3.61P < 0.05 EG2 exercise+supplementation Pre: 26.3 ± 2, post: 44.4 ± 4.79P < 0.05 MDA CG placebo Pre: 25.39 ± 5.12, post: 25.05 ± 3.23 EG exercise Pre: 25.55 ± 4.83, post: 21.62 ± 3.2P < 0.05 CG supplementation Pre: 24.17 ± 3.68, post: 24.07 ± 3.5 EG2 exercise+supplementation Pre: 23.97 ± 4.02, post: 19.55 ± 3.76P < 0.05 NO CG placebo Pre: 36.23 ± 5.96, post: 34.46 ± 4.34 EG1 exercise Pre: 35.26 ± 5.51, post: 41.33 ± 6.22P < 0.05 CG supplementation Pre: 35.47 ± 5.55, post: 37.32 ± 4.90 EG2 exercise+supplementation Pre: 36.06 ± 6.27, post: 45.45 ± 7.01P < 0.05 Adiponectin CG placebo Pre: 8.43 ± 0.86, post: 7.84 ± 1.03 EG1 exercise Pre: 8.65 + 1, post: 10.45 ± 1.53P < 0.05 CG supplementation Pre: 8.03 + 1.0, post: 8.56 ± 1.07 EG2 exercise+supplementation Pre: 8.18 ± 0.74, post: 11.86 ± 0.74
Tomasello et al. [39] 2015 Italy	Quasiexperimental study	N: 105 Aged: 51 ± 12 (EG); 49 ± 12 (CGhealthy) Cancer: breast EG-exercises dragon boat: 25 EG-walking: 25 CG: 25 CGhealthy: 30	Type EG-exercise: dragon-boat Type EG-walking: walking Frequency: 3-4 hours 2 per weeks Time: 7 months All patients followed a controlled fruit/vegetable-rich diet	Primary outcomes dROMs BAP LPO SOD activity GPx Total plasmatic thiol groups Secondary outcomes Alkaline and neutral comet assay (% TDNA) Human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) cultures, isolation of lymphocytes and DNA repair assay (NER analysis)	dROMS (CARR U) 459 ± 61 CARR U for EG-exercise dragon-boat versus 502 ± 76 CARR U for group EG walking (P = 0.332); the increase was significant with respect to the control BrC group for each of the two activity groups P = 0.038 and P < 0.001, respectively. BAP 2,275 ± 337 μmol/l EG-exercise dragon-boat versus 2,236 ± 223 μmol/l EG walking P = ns Following physical training, BAP levels were significantly increased compared with preexercise basal levels and control BrC levels LPO 13.2 ± 3.6 nmol/ml EG-exercise dragon-boat versus 15.08 ± 2.7 nmol/ml EG walking P = 0.224 versus 9.7 ± 2.5 nmol/ml control BrC P = 0.007 and P < 0.001, respectively SOD activity 8.4 ± 1.9 U/ml EG-exercise dragon-boat vs. 6.8 ± 2 U/ml EG-exercise dragon-boat P = 0.044 vs. 3.90 ± 2.04 control BrC P < 0.001 GPX 246 ± 57.7 nmol/min/ml EG-exercise versus dragon boat, 197 ± 53.3 nmol/min/ml EG-walking versus 147.10 ± 37.6 nmol/min/ml control BrC P = 0.007 Total plasmatic thiol groups No differences between EG exercise dragon boat. The control BrC values were also significantly lower than those of the two physical activity groups (both P < 0.001). Alkaline and neutral comet assay (%TDNA) EG walking 17.10% versus 14.05% EG exercise dragon boat versus 19.59% control BrC group P = ns NER analysis (% TDNA) Dragon boat 31.5 ± 7.6 vs. walking 30.3 ± 8.4% P = 0.80 versus 24.5 ± 6% control BrC P = 0.008 and P = 0.045, respectively, with EG
Repka and Hayward [35] 2016 USA	RCT	N: 22 aged: 64.0 ± 10.8 (EX group); 62.4 ± 9 (CG); 55.1 ± 9.7 (CHhealthy) Cancer: different types EG: 8 CG: 7 CGhealthy: 7	Type: combined exercises 5′ warm up 20′ aerobic training 25′ resistance training 10′ flexibility and balance training. Frequency: 3 days per week, 1-hour session. Intensity: 40%-60% of heart rate reserve or a rating of perceived exertion 4 to 5. Time: 10 weeks No diet prescription	Primary outcomes TEAC, Trolox-equivalent antioxidant capacity (mM Trolox) Protein carbonyls (nmol−1) 8-OHdG (8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine (ng ml) Secondary outcomes: composite arm strength (lb) Composite leg strength (lb) Handgrip strength (lb) VO2peak (ml)	TEAC EG: Pre: 0.28 ± 0.07P < 0.01 than NC Post: 0.39 ± 0.05P < 0.01 than baseline CG: Pre: 0.26 ± 0.05P < 0.01 than NC Post: 0.32 ± 0.08 CGhealthy 0.37 ± 0.07 Protein carbonyls EG: Pre: 1.30 ± 0.44P < 0.05 than NC Post: 0.84 ± 0.33P < 0.05 with baseline CG: Pre: 1.18 ± 0.42P < 0.05 than NC Post: 1.12 ± 0.22P < 0.05 than NC CGhealthy: 0.89 ± 0.25 8-OHdG EG: Pre: 1.47 ± 0.33, post: 0.29 ± 0.18 Significant time by group interaction with control group P < 0.05. CG: Pre: 0.35 ± 0.14, post: 0.49 ± 0.22 CGhealthy: 0.33 ± 0.18 Arm strength EX: Pre: 230.4 ± 91.4, post: 324.4 ± 125.2 (significant time by group interaction with control group P < 0.05 P < 0.01 than baseline CG: Pre: 273.3 ± 148.1, post: 280.1 ± 165.7 Leg strength EG: Pre: 332.3 ± 130.9, post: 445.5 ± 157.2 (significant time by group interaction with control group P < 0.05 P < 0.01 than baseline CG: Pre: 348.1 ± 166.3, post: 346.9 ± 164.4 Handgrip EX: Pre: 25.8 ± 4.8, post: 28.6 ± 6.0 P < 0.05 than baseline CG: Pre: 25.6 ± 9.7, post: 26.8 ± 10.0 VO2 EG: Pre: 20.1 ± 9.7, post: 23.4 ± 10.9 P < 0.05 than baseline CG: Pre: 18.1 ± 4.4, post: 18.8 ± 6.1
Guinan et al. [38] 2017 Ireland	Quasi-experimental pilot study, single arm	N: 12 Aged: 61 ± 7.29 Cancer: oesophageal	Type: aerobic training. Warm up, aerobic exercise and cool down Frequency: 5 times per week Intensity: from 30% to 60% of heart rate reserve Time: 12 weeks Individualised dietetic conselling Group education session	Primary outcomes 4-Hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) 8-Hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) Secondary outcomes Lactate 8-epimer of prostaglandin F2α (8-iso-PGF2α) Tumour necrosis factor- (TNF-) α Interleukin- (IL-) 1β IL-6 IL-8 CPET 6MWT MVPA Body weight %BF FM SMM FFM	4-HNE Pre: 1.32 ± 3.96, post: 3.08 ± 5.22P < 0.29 8-OHdG Almost all 8-OHdg data was below the assay detection, and therefore, no analysis was completed on this outcome Lactate Pre: 153.61 ± 52.45, post: 182.42 ± 64.99 P < 0.23 8-iso-PGF2α Pre: 292.95 ± 134.66, post: 259.45 ± 111.19 P < 0.20 TNF-α Pre: 41.73 ± 309.57, post: 35.92 ± 292.12 P < 0.19 IL-1β Pre: 3.8 ± 13.93, post: 3.05 ± 12.68P < 0.13 IL-6 Pre: 8.69 ± 111.45, post: 6.98 ± 109.93P < 0.52 IL-8 Pre: 13.16 ± 88.71, post: 10.14 ± 81.25P < 0.03 CPET Pre: 20.08 ± 5.2, post: 24.08 ± 4.99P < 0.004 6MWT Pre: 532.17 ± 78.25, post: 588.5 ± 73.14P < 0.003 MVPA Pre: 292.91 ± 192.44, post: 317.88 ± 187.05 P < 0.363 Body weight Pre: 70.93 ± 19.95, post: 70.28 ± 19.48 P < 0.28 %BF Pre: 27.11 ± 5.86, post: 28.22 ± 5.38 P < 0.09 FM Pre: 19.48 ± 8.40, post: 19.74 ± 8.04 P < 0.57 SMM Pre: 25.44 ± 8.72, post: 24.85 ± 8.97P < 0.12 FFM Pre: 50.67 ± 14.99, post: 49.94 ± 15.02P < 0.16
Repka and Hayward [36] 2018 USA	RCT	N: 22 Aged: 64.0 ± 10.8 (EG); 62.4 ± 9.7 (CG); 55.1 ± 9.7 (CGhealthy) Cancer: different types EG: 8 CG: 7 Healthy HCG: 7	Type: combined exercise, 5′ warm up, 20′ aerobic exercise, 25′ resistance training, and 10′ flexibility and balance training. Frequency: 1 hour session, 3 days per week Intensity: from 40% to 60% of heart rate reserve or a rating of perceived exertion 4 to 5. Time:10 weeks No diet prescription	Primary outcomes TEAC, Trolox-equivalent antioxidant Protein carbonyls 8-OHdG (8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine) Secondary outcome Piper Fatigue Inventory	TEAC EG: Pre: 0.75 ± 0.19, post: 1.06 ± 0.13 P < 0.05 with baseline CG: Pre: 0.69 ± 0.16, post: 0.85 ± 0.22 CGhealthy 1.0 ± 0.20P < 0.5 with cancer Protein carbonyls: EG: Pre: 1.46 ± 0.49, post: 0.94 ± 0.37 P < 0.05 with baseline CG: Pre: 1.32 ± 0.48, post: 1.26 ± 0.25 CGhealthy: 1.0 ± 0.28P < 0.5 with cancer 8-OHdG EG: Pre: 1.45 ± 0.96, post: 0.88 ± 0.55 significant time by group interaction with control group P < .05. CG: Pre: 1.08 ± 0.44, post: 1.48 ± 0.66 CGhealthy: 1.0 ± 0.57 CRF: EG: Pre: 5.0 ± 2.2, post: 2.6 ± 1.9P < 0.05 with baseline CG: Pre: 4.7 ± 2.5, post: 3.2 ± 2.4 CGhealthy 1.0 ± 1.0P < 0.5 with cancer
Katsourakis et al. [33] 2019 Greece	RCT	N: 54 Aged 59.90 EG (range 54.67-65.14) 69.14 CG (range: 65.73–72.55) Cancer: pancreas EG: 28 CG: 26	Type: aerobic exercise Intensity: 60% of maximum heart rate) Frequency: 30 min, 3 per week Time: 12 weeks.	Primary outcomes Uric acid levels Secondary outcomes Haemoglobulin Abumin Blood glucose Glycosylated	Uric acid EG vs. CG P = 0.069 > 0.05 The statistics illustrated that exercise can have a positive influence on glycaemic control, but no influence was observed on the levels of uric acid, which represents oxidative stress. Glucose EG vs. CG P < 0.05
Jiang et al. [32] 2020 China	RCT	N: 100 Aged: 59.30 ± 7.40 (EG); 57.56 ± 11.23 (CG) EG: 50 CG: 50 Cancer: lung	Type: Tai-Chi 10-min warm-up 40-min practice 10 min cool down Frequency: 60 min, 92 lessons Time: 3 months	Primary outcomes TOS TAS OSI MDA, SOD, CAT, GPx TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6 Secondary outcome VAS PHS	Pre: no statistical differences for TOS TAS and OSI between the two groups P > 0.05. Post: the levels for TOS and OSI in the EG group were lower than those in the CG while TAS level in the EG was higher than in the CG P < 0.05. EG vs. CG pre: no statistical differences For SOD, CAT, GSPx and MDA P > 0.05. EG vs. CG post SOD, CAT, and GSPx increased while the serum level of MDA was reduced in the EG vs. CG P < 0.05 EG vs. CG pre: no statistical differences for TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6 and IL-10 P > 0.05. EG vs. CG post TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6 were reduced while the serum level of IL-10 was increased in the EG vs. CG P < 0.05. VAS EG: Pre: 75.86 ± 7.36, post: 50.96 ± 8.23 CG: Pre: 82.46 ± 6.52, post: 78.01 ± 7.9P < 0.001 PHS EG: Pre: 3.15 ± 0.62, post: 2.03 ± 0.77 CG: Pre: 2.93 ± 0.54, post: 2.68 ± 0.69P < 0.003
Yen et al. [40] 2020 Taiwan	Quasiexperimental study, single arm	N: 42 Aged: 56.0 ± 12.3 Cancer: head/neck	Type: 5 min warm up, 30 min of aerobic exercise training and a 5 min cool down + TheraBand resistance exercise, 10 to 12 repetitions for one set, three sets per training, both upper and lower extremities. Frequency: 3 days per week. 40 to 45 minutes of training time. Time: 8 weeks Intensity: 60-70% of the maximum heart rate	Primary outcomes Total antioxidant capacity Malondialdehyde Carbonyl levels 8-Hydroxy-20-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG)	Total antioxidant capacity Pre: 221.7 ± 62.2, post: 443.7 ± 72.1 Malondialdehyde Pre: 4.7 ± 0.8, post: 3.8 ± 1.3 Carbonyl levels Pre: 10.1 ± 2.6, post: 5.5 ± 1.8 8-Hydroxy-20-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) Pre: 1031.3 ± 43.8, post: 761.3 ± 66.3
Domaszewska et al. [41] 2021 Poland	Quasiexperimental pilot study, single arm	N: 12, Aged: 50.6 ± 2.9 Cancer: breast	Type: Endurance training 5 min of warm up, 30-45 min of the proper part, 5 min of warm-down, 15 min of stretching and breathing exercises Frequency: 3 times per week. 1 hour of training time with a cycle ergometer. Time: 8 weeks Intensity: 50-60% HRmax for the warm-up phase. Exercise loads were determined individually on the basis of ergospirometric exercise test	Primary outcomes Total phenolics FRAP TBARS Urea Secondary outcomes VT heart rate VT load Peak HR Peak VO2 Peak load	Total phenolics Pre: 2.44 ± 0.09, post: 2.43 ± 0.28 FRAP Pre: 857.25 ± 147.17, post: 859.67 ± 148.65 TBARS Pre: 5.09 ± 2.09, post: 5.02 ± 1.81 Urea Pre: 3.32 ± 2.09, post: 3.71 ± 1.99 VT heart rate Pre: 127.75 ± 13.07, post: 142.25 ± 13.06 VT load Pre: 76.67 ± 13.37, post: 94.17 ± 14.29 Peak HR Pre: 158.92 ± 15.37, post: 166.50 ± 13.56 Peak VO2 Pre: 25.74 ± 4.04, post: 27.00 ± 3.68 Peak load Pre: 112.50 ± 23.01, post: 123.33 ± 22.09

Hydroperoxides; SOD: superoxide dismutase; TEAC: Trolox-equivalent antioxidant capacity; 8-OHdG: 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine; 8-iso-PGF2α: 8-epimer of prostaglandin F2α; 4-HNE: 4-hydroxynonenal; TNF-α: tumour necrosis factor-α; IL-1β: interleukin-1β; IL-6: interleukin-6; IL-8: interleukin-8; CPET: cardiopulmonary exercise testing; 6MWT: six-minute walk test; MVPA: moderate to vigorous physical activity; %BF: % body fat; SMM: skeletal muscle mass; FFM: fat-free mass; TOS: total oxidant status; TAS: total antioxidant status; OSI: oxidative stress index; VAS: visual analogic scale; PHS: Prince-Henry score method; FRAP: ferric reducing ability of plasma; TBARS: thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; VT: ventilatory threshold; HR: heart rate.