Table 2.

Summary of Meta-Analysis Findings on General Outcomes of Traumatic Brain Injury

Outcome	OR (95% CI); P Value	Heterogeneity (%; P Value)	%	Studies (n)
Moderate to severe TBI
LMICs	1.10 (0.90–1.36); P > 0.05	18.9; P = 0.29	49 versus 50	3
HICs	1.14 (0.80–1.61); P > 0.05	44; P = 0.10	17 versus 17	7
Overall	1.13 (0.96–1.34); P = 0.14	39%; P = 0.09	22 versus 22	10
Mortality
LMICs	1.65 (1.12–2.41); P < 0.05∗	40.8%; P = 0.18	43 versus 50	3
HICs	0.48 (0.14–1.69); P > 0.05	47.7; P = 0.15	20 versus 8	3
Overall	1.08 (0.58–2.01); P = 0.81	73.9; P = 0.001	38 versus 46	6
Neurological deficit, overall	0.64 (0.36–1.11); P = 0.11	0; P = 0.88	15 versus 9	3
Surgery
LMICs	0.93 (0.59–1.46); P > 0.05	68.2; P = 0.08	28 versus 29	2
HICs	0.67 (0.41–1.10); P > 0.05	63.2; P = 0.02	4 versus 4	6
Overall	0.76 (0.53–1.08); P = 0.13	73.6; P < 0.001	10 versus 9	8

OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; TBI, traumatic brain injury; LMICs, low- to middle-income countries; HICs, high-income countries.

^∗Statistically significant.