Table 4.

Summary of Meta-Analysis Findings on Cause of Traumatic Brain Injury

Cause of TBI	OR (95% CI); P Value	Heterogeneity (%; P Value)	%	Studies (n)
RTA
LMICs	1.04 (0.79–1.38); P > 0.05	48.1; P = 0.15	62 versus 60	3
HICs	0.89 (0.42–1.91); P > 0.05	73.4; P < 0.01	14 versus 9	5
Overall	1.00 (0.72–1.38); P = 0.99	63.4; P = 0.01	48 versus 43	8
High fall, overall	1.17 (0.93–1.48); P = 0.18	0; P = 0.43	37 versus 42	3
Low and mechanical falls, overall	0.63 (0.39–1.03); P = 0.07	42.7; P = 0.17	52 versus 47	3
Assault
LMICs	1.83 (1.37–2.45); P < 0.05∗	0; P = 0.78	4 versus 7	2
HICs	1.14 (0.81–1.60); P > 0.05	0; P = 0.59	32 versus 40	4
Overall	1.40 (1.06–1.86); P = 0.02∗	20.8; P = 0.28	6 versus 8	6

TBI, traumatic brain injury; CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; RTA, road traffic accident; HICs, high-income countries; LMICs, low- to middle-income countries.

^∗Statistically significant.