Table 1.
Summary of reported non-traumatic right-sided Bochdalek hernias in adults published 2004–2020
| No | References | Age/sex | Chief complaint | Past medical history | Diagnostic imaging | Surgical approach | Hernia orifice (cm) | Closure | Herniated organ | Bowel resection | Complication | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Gupta et al. [39] | 78/M | Right-sided chest pain, dyspnea | Unremarkable | CT | Laparotomy | 2 × 2 | Suture (NA) | Small bowel | Small bowel | Lung empyema (HR) | N/A |
| 2 | Lau et al. [32] | 77/M | Abdominal pain, right flank pain | N/A | CT | Laparoscopy | 8 | Suture (NA), mesh (NA) | Kidney, perinephric fat | No | Hydronephrosis (HR) | No recurrence at 2 months |
| 3 | Lau et al. [32] | 42/F | Dyspnea, shoulder pain | N/A | CT | Laparoscopy, thoracoscopy | 12 × 5 | Suture (NA), mesh (NA) | Liver, kidney, colon | No | None | No recurrence at 2 months |
| 4 | Lau et al. [32] | 66/M | Abdominal pain | Renal transplant | CT | Laparoscopy, laparotomy | 10 × 5 | Suture (N/A), mesh (A) | Small bowel, colon, omentum | Colon | Colonic ischemia (HR) | No recurrence at 12 months |
| 5 | Nassiri et al. [23] | 82/F | Right-sided chest pain, right shoulder pain, flank pain | Hypertension, diabetes | CT | Right-sided double-J ureteral stent, recommendation of outpatient surgical repair | 5.4 × 8.2 × 6.9 | None | Fat, extra-renal pelvis, ureter | No | Hydronephrosis (HR) | N/A |
| 6 | Rocha Paiva et al. [37] | 92/M | Thoracic pain, dyspnea, fever | COPD, hypertension, cystocele | CT | Laparotomy | N/A | N/A | Colon | No | N/A | Death |
| 7 | Shekar et al. [34] | 78/F | Right flank pain | N/A | CT | Laparoscopy | N/A | Suture (NA), mesh (composite) | Renal pelvis, ureter | No | None | No recurrence at 1 month |
| 8 | Daha et al. [35] | 24/F | Chest pain, abdominal pain | Unremarkable | CT | Laparoscopy | 10 × 10 | Mesh (N/A) | Small bowel, colon, mesentery, kidney | No | None | N/A |
| 9 | Toda et al. [36] | 72/M | Nausea | Adipositas | CT | Thoracotomy | 8 × 5 | Suture (N/A) | Intra-abdominal fat | No | None | No recurrence at 4 months |
| 10 | Hunter et al. [29] | 69/F | Right-sided chest pain, abdominal pain | N/A | CT | Robotic-assisted thoracoscopy | N/A | Suture (NA) | Intra-abdominal fat | No | None | No recurrence at 4 months |
| 11 | Hunter et al. [29] | 48/F | Abdominal pain | N/A | CT | Robotic-assisted thoracoscopy | N/A | Suture (NA) | Liver | No | None | No recurrence at 12 months |
| 12 | Moro et al. [7] | 89/F | Dyspnea, abdominal pain | Right femoral hernia, uterine myoma | CT | Laparotomy | 3 | Suture (A) | Small bowel | Small bowel | None | N/A |
| 13 | Ayane et al. [47] | 35/F | Right-sided chest pain, abdominal pain | Unremarkable | CT | Laparotomy | N/A | N/A | Small bowel, colon | Colon | None | No recurrence at 9 months |
| 14 | Jambhekar et al. [28] | 74/M | Nausea, diarrhea, decreased appetite | Benign prostatic hypertrophy | CT | Robotic-assisted laparoscopy | 6 × 8 | Suture (NA) | Colon | Colon | None | No recurrence at 21 months |
| 15 |
Kohli et al [33] |
22/M | Right-sided chest pain, dyspnea, right shoulder pain | Asthma | CT | Laparoscopy, thoracotomy | 10 | Mesh (composite) | Small bowel, colon | No | Wound infection (PO) | No recurrence at 0.5 months |
| 16 | Ohtsuka and Suzuki [41] | 89/F | Dyspnea, abdominal pain, nausea | Hypertension | CT | Laparotomy | 0.45 × 0.3 | Suture (NA) | Small bowel, colon | No | Pneumonia (PO) | No recurrence at 24 months |
| 17 | Kikuchi et al. [48] | 76/F | None | Hypertension, uterine cervical cancer, cholangiectasis | CT | Laparoscopy | N/A | None | Liver | N/A | None | No recurrence at 3 months |
| 18 | Watanabe et al. [38] | 65/F | Dyspnea, abdominal pain | Rheumatoid arthritis | CT | Laparotomy | 5 | Suture (A) | Liver, colon | Colon | Right thoracic cavity abscess (HR) | No recurrence at 56 months |
| 19 | Dos Santos-Netto et al. [42] | 45/F | Abdominal distension, jaundice with itching, choluria | Spontaneous abortion | CT | Thoraco-phreno-laparotomy | 10 | Mesh (NA) | Liver, kidney, colon | No | Pneumonia, sepsis (PO) | Death |
| 20 | Chen et al. [27] | 80/F | Dyspnea, abdominal pain, nausea, decreased appetite | Hypertension, ischemic heart disease, peptic ulcer disease | CT | Robotic-assisted laparoscopy | 3.6 | Mesh (composite) | Kidney | No | Hydronephrosis (HR) | No recurrence at 6 months |
| 21 | Hatzidakis et al. [24] | 86/F | Right flank pain | N/A | CT | Percutaneous nephrostomy, external-internal nephroureteral double pigtail | N/A | None | N/A | N/A | Hydronephrosis, pleural effusion (HR) | N/A |
| 22 | Onuk et al. [25] | 72/F | Chest pain, dyspnea, difficulty in urination, back pain, fatigue | Unremarkable | CT | None | N/A | None | Bowel loops, kidney | No | Ureteropelvic junction obstruction (HR) | No recurrence at 6 months |
| 23 | Choe and Kahler [49] | 61/M | Right-sided chest pain | COPD | CT | Laparotomy | N/A | Mesh (NA) | Colon | N/A | None | No recurrence at 12 months |
| 24 | Frisoni et al. [50] | 39/M | Dyspnea, abdominal pain, shoulder pain | N/A | CT, MRI | Thoracoscopy | N/A | Suture (NA), mesh (NA) | Colon | No | None | No recurrence at 6 months |
| 25 | Wenzel-Smith [16] | 40/F | Dyspnea, abdominal pain, nausea | Asthma, hypertension | X-ray | Laparotomy | N/A | Suture (A) | Small bowel | Small bowel | Fecothorax, necrotic small bowel (HR) | No recurrence at 1 month |
| 26 | Costa Almeida et al. [51] | 49/F | Dyspnea | Unremarkable | CT | Laparotomy | 6 × 3 | Suture (NA) | Small bowel, colon | No | None | No recurrence at 24 months |
| 27 | Shenoy and Johri [52] | Elderly man/M | Dyspnea, abdominal pain, nausea | N/A | CT | Laparotomy | 3 × 2 | Suture (NA) | Small bowel | No | None | N/A |
| 28 | Patle et al. [40] | 50/F | Dyspnea, right-sided thoracic pain, abdominal pain | Hypertension, diabetes | CT | Laparoscopy | 10 × 8 | Suture (NA), mesh (NA) | Colon, kidney | No | Pleural effusion (HR) | N/A |
| 29 | Baek et al. [20] | 53/M | Abdominal pain | Unremarkable | CT | Laparotomy | 12 × 10 | Mesh (NA) | Liver, gallbladder, colon, omentum | No | Duodenal ulcer perforation | No recurrence at 12 months |
| 30 | Deb [21] | 54/M | Abdominal pain, nausea | N/A | CT | Laparotomy, thoracotomy | N/A | Mesh (NA) | Stomach, liver, gallbladder, small bowel, omentum | No | Acute cholecystitis | No recurrence at 12 months |
| 31 | Kumar et al. [26] | 37/F | Fecoptysis | N/A | CT | N/A | N/A | N/A | Colon | No | Broncho-pleuro-colonic fistula (HR) | N/A |
| 32 | Agrafiotis et al. [30] | 52/F | Abdominal pain, nausea | Unremarkable | CT | Laparoscopy | N/A | Clips, mesh (NA) | Small bowel, colon | No | None | No recurrence at 9 months |
| 33 | Sofi et al. [53] | 23/F | Dyspnea | Unremarkable | CT | Thoracotomy | 10 × 7 | N/A | Small bowel, colon | No | None | N/A |
| 34 | Granier et al. [43] | 54/F | Dyspnea | Rheumatoid arthritis | CT | Laparotomy | N/A | N/A | Small bowel, colon | Colon, small bowel | Perforation of caecum, septic shock (HR) | Death |
| 35 | Trivedi et al. [22] | 71/M | Dyspnea | Asthma, hypertension, benign prostatic hypertrophy | CT | None | N/A | None | Small bowel, stomach, colon, pancreas | No | None | No recurrence at 12 months |
| 36 | Laaksonen et al. [31] | 38/F | Abdominal pain | N/A | CT | Laparoscopy, thoracotomy | 10 | Suture (N/A), mesh (A) | Liver, colon, omentum | No | None | N/A |
| 37 | Fraser et al. [54] | 75/F | Cough | N/A | CT | Laparoscopy, thoracoscopy | 8 × 5 | Mesh (NA) | Small bowel, colon, kidney | No | None | No recurrence at 11 months |
| 38 | Terzi et al. [18] | 70/F | Dyspnea | N/A | MRI | Laparoscopy, thoracoscopy | 4 | Mesh (NA) | Colon, omentum | N/A | None | N/A |
| 39 | Kavanagh et al. [44] | 76/M | Dyspnea, abdominal distension, nausea | Laryngeal carcinoma | CT | Laparotomy | N/A | Suture (NA) | Liver, colon | Colon | Postoperative cerebrovascular accidents (PO) | Death |
| 40 | Katsenos et al. [19] | 45/M | Right-sided chest pain | Smoking | MRI | None | N/A | None | Liver | No | None | N/A |
| 41 | Goh et al. [55] | 27/M | Dyspnea | N/A | CT | Thoracotomy | N/A | Mesh (NA) | Liver | No | None | N/A |
| 42 | Luo et al. [56] | 50/F | Chest pain, cough | N/A | CT | Thoracotomy | N/A | N/A | Liver | N/A | None | N/A |
| 43 | Owen et al. [17] | 35/F | Abdominal pain, nausea | Unremarkable | Clinically | Laparotomy | N/A | Suture (A) | Small bowel | Small bowel | None | N/A |
| 44 | Rosen et al. [57] | 50/M | Dyspnea | Unremarkable | CT | Laparoscopy | 2 × 2 | Mesh (NA) | Intra-abdominal fat | N/A | None | No recurrence at 6 months |
M male, F female, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CT computed tomography, MRI magnetic resonance imaging, N/A not available, A absorbable, NA non-absorbable, HR hernia-related, PO postoperative