Table 1:
Participant Demographics and Clinical Characteristics (Mean ± S.D., median or range)
| SN Nonsmoker (N=106) |
SN-Smoker (N=65) |
PWH Nonsmoker (N=43) |
PWH Smoker (N=40) |
p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) Age range |
47.2 ± 13.6 (18 – 77) |
43.7 ± 12.4 (20 – 73) |
51.0 ± 9.5 (24 – 73) |
48 ± 10.1 (22 – 64) |
0.280a |
| # Men (%) | 89 (84.0%) | 51 (78.5%) | 41 (93.2%) | 37 (94.9%) | 0.051b |
| Education (years) | 15 ± 2.6 | 14 ± 2.1 | 15 ± 2.2 | 14 ± 2.7 | 0.080a |
| WTAR Predicted Verbal IQ# | 110 ± 7.4 | 104 ± 9.8 | 106 ± 8.7 | 104 ± 10 | <0.001 a |
| Race (W/As/B/NH/NA/Mixed) | 54/27/3/7/0/15 | 27/14/0/10/0/14 | 24/5/2/3/2/8 | 22/7/3/3/0/7 | 0.066b |
| Index of Social Position (8–66) | 37.3 ± 16.0 | 43.5 ± 13.6 | 35.2 ± 15.1 | 45.9 ± 15.4 | 0.074 a |
| CES-D scale score (0–60) | 6.44 ± 5.1 | 10.8 ± 9.3 | 12.7 ± 10.2 | 12.8 ± 9.2 | <0.001 a |
| HIV disease-related | |||||
| Duration (years) | - | - | 16.6 (1.8–36.6) | 14.1 (0.9–30.9) | 0.318c |
| CD4 count (#/mm3) | - | - | 546.7 (105–1331) | 550 (107–1275) | 0.963c |
| Nadir CD4 count (#/mm3) | - | - | 204 (0–1021) | 206 (3–1018) | 0.562c |
| HIV dementia Scale (0–16) | - | - | 13.9 ± 2.6 | 12.7 ± 3.4 | 0.088d |
| Karnofsky score (0–100) | - | - | 90.4 ± 9.4 | 94.2 ± 6.8 | 0.040 d |
| # (%) with HAND or “HAND-equivalent** | <0.001 b | ||||
| Normal (no HAND) | 82 (83.7%) | 47 (72.3%) | 31 (70.5%) | 23 (60.0%) | |
| ANI | 12 (12.2%) | 11 (16.9%) | 4 (9.1%) | 4 (10.3%) | |
| MND | 4 (4.1%) | 3 (4.6%) | 3 (6.8%) | 9 (23.1%) | |
| HAD | 0 | 0 | 3 (6.8%) | 3 (7.7%) | |
| Vascular disease risk factors *** | |||||
| With vascular risks, n (%) | 17 (39.5%) | 13 (32.5%) | 30 (28.3%) | 14 (21.5%) | 0.228 b |
| History of hypertension | 10 (23.3%) | 9 (22.5%) | 13 (12.3%) | 9 (13.8%) | 0.237 b |
| History of Hyperlipidemia | 12 (27.9%) | 7 (17.5%) | 17 (16%) | 4 (6.2%) | 0.024 b |
| Systolic blood pressure | 120.4±11.6 | 122.3±11.9 | 121.3±12.1 | 121.6±13.7 | 0.926 a |
| Diastolic blood pressure | 78.9±12.0 | 80.5±8.9 | 79.2±11.0 | 81.3±10.8 | 0.584 a |
| Body Mass Index | 25.3±3.3 | 24.9±3.8 | 27.1±4.7 | 27.1±6.1 | 0.024 a |
| White matter hyperintensities on FLAIR images, n (%) | 20 (46.5%) | 22 (55%) | 56 (54.9%) | 28 (43.8%) | 0.466 b |
| Nicotine usage, Median (range) | |||||
| Age at first use (years) | 18.5 ± 15.2 | 18.9 ± 6.7 | 21.3 ± 9.5 | 19.2 ± 7.8 | 0.824a |
| Total lifetime used (pack-years) | - | 16.0 (0.2–120.9) | - | 20.6 (0.9–68.2) | 0.319c |
| Duration of use (months) | - | 320 (27.3–723.6) | - | 340 (47.2–669.3) | 0.186c |
| Duration of abstinence (months) | 204 (9–1341) | - | 253 (49–713) | - | 0.830c |
| Marijuana usage, Median (range) | |||||
| #Lift time user (%) | 46 (43.4) | 40 (61.5) | 25 (58.1) | 33 (82.5) | <0.001 b |
| Daily average use (gram) ¶ | 0.02 (0.00–7.09) | 0.06 (0.00–7.90) | 0.01 (0.00–6.75) | 0.09 (0.00–3.00) | 0.076e |
| Total lifetime use (gram) ¶ | 57.9 (0–51774) | 355.5 (2.1–37180) | 15.7 (0–55054) | 772.3 (0.1–56250) | 0.074e |
| Duration of MJ use (years) ¶ | 8.48 (0.00–38.4) | 16.4 (1.00–43.9) | 16.1 (0.01–43.9) | 21.0 (1.00–51.2) | 0.027 e |
| Month since last use¶ | 63.5 (0.00–478) | 24 (0.00–425) | 5.00 (0.00–339) | 0.00 (0.00–488) | 0.246e |
| Methamphetamine usage, Median (range) | |||||
| #Lift time user (%) | 9 (8.5) | 18 (27.7) | 12 (27.3) | 21 (53.8) | <0.001 b |
| Daily average use (gram) ¶ | 0.02 (0.00–1.00) | 0.00 (0.00–0.71) | 0.00 (0.00–0.07) | 0.01 (0.00–0.62) | 0.279e |
| Total lifetime use (gram) ¶ | 11.4 (0.11–5350) | 2.8 (0.01–783) | 10.4 (0.02–218.3) | 6.8 (011–1370) | 0.441e |
| Duration of use (years) ¶ | 5.0 (0.00–17.6) | 2.5 (0–15.0) | 8.4 (0.00–33.4) | 5.0 (1.60–29.1) | 0.182e |
| Duration of abstinence (months) ¶ | 106 (0.00–344) | 131 (0.00–431) | 123 (0.00–308) | 62 (0.00–445) | 0.878e |
| Alcohol usage, Median (range) | |||||
| #Lift time user (%) | 92 (86.8) | 53 (81.5) | 38 (86.4%) | 38 (97.4%) | 0.139b |
| Daily average use (mL) ¶ | 6.1 (0.04–85.2) | 9.11 (0.05–317.8) | 11.4 (0.10–659.6) | 6.6 (0.04–295.7) | 0.104e |
| Total lifetime use (Liter) ¶ | 36.9 (0. – 714.5) | 47.6 (0.6 – 4362.6) | 97 (1.3 – 8805.2) | 51.7 (0.1 – 3870.11) | 0.140e |
| Duration of use (years) ¶ | 21.5 (0.00–61.1) | 23.1 (0.52–54.3) | 22.5 (0.00–46.5) | 28.2 (8.9–46.5) | 0.443e |
| Duration of abstinence (months) ¶ | 0.00 (0.00–432) | 0.00 (0.00–341) | 0.00 (0.00–303) | 0.00 (0.00–358) | 0.489e |
Description of variables were presented as mean ± S.D, median (range) or count (%). Significant p values were bolded. WTAR = Wechsler Test of Adult Reading; CES-D = Center for Epidemiological Studies – Depression Scale; Index of Social Position: assessed using the Hollingshead Four Factor Index of Social Position. Race = White/ Asian/ Black/Native Hawaiian/Native American/More than one race. PWH=people living with HIV disease, SN=HIV seronegative.
: ANOVA
: χ2;
: Mann-Whitney U
: T test
: Kruskal-Wallis Test.
Plasma HIV RNA was calculated from 7 PWH participants and 5 PWH+Smokers with detectable viruses.
HAND = HIV-associated Neurocognitive Disorder or HAND-equivalent, 15 subjects missing this information
6 participants did not have blood pressure data, 4 did not have Fluid attenuated inversion recovery imaging (FLAIR) data (2 due to excessive motion, 2 did not complete FLAIR scans). Hyperlipidemia was defined as having an abnormally high total cholesterol or triglyceride level or taking lipid-lowering medications.
These variables were calculated only among the users.
The significance was driven by the smoking main effect (p<0.01)