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. 2022 Feb 25;12:3205. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-07106-6

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Brown planthoppers in three groups (the order is control, injected with dsGFP, injected with dsNlSP7) exhibit reduced feeding on two artificial diets (0 mg/l tricin and 100 mg/l tricin). (A) Overall typical view of electrical penetration graph waveforms generated by the feeding behavior of brown planthoppers on artificial diets. (B,C) data collected from 1-day-old brachypterous female adults with different treatments. NP, nonpenetration; PP, pathway phase (N1 + N2 + N3), including penetration initiation (N1), salivation and stylet movement (N2), and extracellular activity near the phloem (N3); N4, sucrose or tricin solution ingestion. B the duration of each wavelength when feeding on artificial diets without tricin (0 mg/l) and C artificial diets with tricin (100 mg/l) is shown. Electrical penetration graph data were recorded for 6 h per insect. Different letters indicate significant differences among the three treatment groups. Testing of each group was repeated 15 times (P < 0.01, Duncan’s multiple range test).