Fig. 3. Strain evolution of (110) single-crystal Al under laser-driven compression obtained from UED experiments (filled circles) and MD simulations (lines).

a–c are the results at incident laser fluences of 1.2, 2.2, and 4.3 J cm⁻², respectively. ${\epsilon }_{\mathrm{l}}^{\mathrm{e}}$ denotes the longitudinal elastic strain; ${\epsilon }_{\mathrm{t}}^{\mathrm{e}}$ denotes the transverse elastic strain. The error bars represent 1 standard deviation uncertainties. The measured evolution of ${\epsilon }_{\mathrm{t}}^{\mathrm{e}}$ shown in (c) is recast in (d), along with the evolution of total, Shockley partial and perfect dislocation densities obtained from MD simulation performed at the same experimental conditions.