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. 2022 Feb 25;12:3223. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-06865-6

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(A–D) PDGF-BB effectively suppresses ankylosis and restores well-organized PDL structure after replantation. Haematoxylin and eosin staining of sagittal sections of replanted rat maxillary first molars in the four groups. (A) PBS-pretreated, (B) atelocollagen-pretreated (AC), (C) PDGF-BB-pretreated tooth (PDGF-BB) at 21 days. (D) A non-replanted normal tooth (NC). Arrowheads and arrows indicate bony attachments of root surfaces and root resorption lacunae, respectively. Black asterisks indicate bone-like structures in the dental pulp. m mesial root, d distal root. ((A)a, (B)a) Magnified views of ankylosed roots (dotted squares (a) in (A,B)) in sagittal sections of PBS- ((A)a) and AC- ((B)a) pretreated teeth 21 days after replantation. Asterisks indicate bone-like ankylotic tissues. ((A)b–(D)b) Magnified views of the periodontal ligament (solid squares (b) in (A–D)) in sagittal sections of PBS- ((A)b), AC- ((B)b) and PDGF- ((C)b) pretreated teeth 21 days after replantation, and a normal control tooth ((D)b). HE-stained images (HE, upper images) and images under polarized light (POL, lower images). Arrowheads indicate insertions of birefringent collagen fibre bundles into alveolar bones. B alveolar bone, C cementum, D dentine, bv blood vessel, PDL periodontal ligament.