Table 1.
Sample Characteristics by Study Subgroup.
| Variables by Category | People with Type 1 Diabetes (N=633) | People with Type 2 Diabetes (N=508) | Caregivers Type 1 Diabetes (N=522) | Caregivers Type 2 Diabetes (N=469) | P-valuesa |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [1]. Demographics | |||||
| Gender, female, n (%) | 327 (51.7) | 186 (36.6) | 359 (68.8) | 304 (64.8) | <.0001d |
| Age, years, mean (SD) | 48.3 (14.1) | 55.4 (12.7) | 47.0 (12.6) | 49.7 (14.0) | <.0001b |
| College degree, n (%) | 461 (72.8) | 338 (66.5) | 365 (69.9) | 320 (68.2) | 0.1210c |
| [2]. Diabetes and SH History | |||||
| Time since diabetes diagnosis, years, mean (SD) | 26.0 (15.5) | 13.8 (8.5) | 21.3 (16.7) | 18.0 (13.3) | <.0001b |
| Impaired awareness hypoglycemia (Gold score ≥4), n (%)e | 213 (33.6) | 120 (23.6) | 182 (34.9) | 177 (37.7) | <.0001c |
| Number of SH events in the past 12 months, n (%) | 0.1471b | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 3.3 (8.3) | 2.3 (4.9) | 3.3 (6.9) | 2.5 (5.3) | |
| Median (Q1, Q3) | 1 (1, 2) | 1 (1, 2) | 1 (1, 3) | 1 (1, 2) | |
| 0 | 103 (16.3) | 91 (17.9) | 81 (15.5) | 83 (17.7) | |
| 1 | 278 (43.9) | 234 (46.1) | 222 (42.5) | 191 (40.7) | |
| 2 | 105 (16.6) | 80 (15.7) | 83 (15.9) | 80 (17.1) | |
| ≥3 | 147 (23.2) | 103 (20.3) | 136 (26.1) | 115 (24.5) | |
| Number of SH events in the past 3 years | 0.0245b | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 8.5 (17.1) | 5.3 (11.1) | 8.3 (17.4) | 5.9 (10.8) | |
| Median (Q1, Q3) | 3 (1, 6) | 2 (1, 5) | 3 (1, 6) | 3 (2, 5) | |
| [3]. HCP Communication on SH and Glucagon | |||||
| Discussion of SH with HCP, n (%) | <.0001d | ||||
| At every visit | 221 (34.9) | 173 (34.1) | 140 (26.8) | 82 (17.5) | |
| At some visits | 326 (51.5) | 251 (49.4) | 265 (50.8) | 236 (50.3) | |
| Have not discussed | 86 (13.6) | 84 (16.5) | 117 (22.4) | 151 (32.2) | |
| Ever discussed glucagon with HCP, YES, n (%) | 440 (69.5) | 126 (24.8) | 338 (64.8) | 150 (32.0) | <.0001d |
| [4]. Locations and Symptoms of Most Recent SH | |||||
| Alone during SH, n (%) | 141 (22.3) | 186 (36.6) | 80 (15.3) | 74 (15.8) | <.0001c |
| At home during SH, n (%) | 517 (81.7) | 409 (80.5) | 429 (82.2) | 394 (84.0) | 0.5513c |
| Number of neuroglycopenic symptoms, mean (SD) | 4.9 (3.4) | 3.9 (2.9) | 5.1 (3.3) | 4.7 (3.5) | <.0001b |
| Number of autonomic symptoms, mean (SD) | 2.8 (2.0) | 2.7 (1.7) | 2.3 (1.8) | 2.5 (1.9) | <.0001b |
| [5]. Recovery Time and Actions During Most Recent SH | |||||
| Time to recovery of SH, n (%) | 0.0005b | ||||
| 00-15 minutes | 100 (16.4) | 78 (15.8) | 77 (15.1) | 38 (8.3) | |
| 15-30 minutes | 217 (35.7) | 171 (34.7) | 196 (38.5) | 162 (35.4) | |
| 30-60 minutes | 164 (27.0) | 135 (27.4) | 125 (24.6) | 129 (28.2) | |
| 60 minutes or more | 127 (20.9) | 109 (22.1) | 111 (21.8) | 128 (28.0) | |
| Used sugars during SH, n (%) | 522 (82.5) | 438 (86.2) | 421 (80.7) | 379 (80.8) | 0.0704c |
| Injected Glucagon during SH, n (%) | 85 (13.4) | 39 (7.7) | 77 (14.8) | 55 (11.7) | 0.0029c |
| Any health care contact during SH (called ambulance, called HCP, went to ER), n (%) | 125 (19.7) | 91 (17.9) | 135 (25.9) | 147 (31.3) | <.0001c |
| Scaled sum of acute emotional impact scores (0-100%), mean (SD) | 60.2 (26.7) | 62.3 (27.8) | 59.5 (27.9) | 61.7 (26.8) | 0.2529b |
| Scaled sum of life domain impacts (0-100%), mean (SD) | 13.7 (17.4) | 13.0 (16.6) | 12.3 (16.2) | 12.6 (16.1) | 0.9267b |
| [6]. HCP Recommendations Made Before Most Recent SH | |||||
| Take sugar, n (%) | 488 (77.1) | 396 (78.0) | 351 (67.2) | 294 (62.7) | <.0001c |
| Inject glucagon, n (%) | 254 (40.1) | 64 (12.6) | 206 (39.5) | 70 (14.9) | <.0001c |
| Call HCP/ambulance or go to ER, n (%) | 136 (21.5) | 128 (25.2) | 154 (29.5) | 150 (32.0) | 0.0004c |
| [7]. HCP Recommendations Made After Most Recent SH | |||||
| Change insulin regimen (timing/dosing), n (%) | 220 (34.8) | 208 (40.9) | 198 (37.9) | 189 (40.3) | 0.1276c |
| Change meal plan, n (%) | 77 (12.2) | 97 (19.1) | 76 (14.6) | 84 (17.9) | 0.0054c |
| Measure BG more often or get CGM, n (%) | 195 (30.8) | 177 (34.8) | 156 (29.9) | 128 (27.3) | 0.0782c |
| Start carrying sweets/sugar, n (%) | 138 (21.8) | 212 (41.7) | 113 (21.6) | 136 (29.0) | <.0001c |
| Obtain glucagon or keep it closer, n (%) | 62 (9.8) | 42 (8.3) | 58 (11.1) | 39 (8.3) | 0.3460c |
| PWD/CG Actions After Most Recent SHf | |||||
| Change insulin regimen (timing/dosing), n (%) | 235 (37.1) | 186 (36.6) | 238 (45.6) | 193 (41.2) | 0.0086c |
| Change meal plan, n (%) | 91 (14.4) | 119 (23.4) | 111 (21.3) | 118 (25.2) | <.0001c |
| Measure BG more often or get CGM, n (%) | 362 (57.2) | 260 (51.2) | 289 (55.4) | 240 (51.2) | 0.1062c |
| Start carrying sweets/sugar, n (%) | 291 (46.0) | 296 (58.3) | 240 (46.0) | 264 (56.3) | <.0001c |
| Obtain glucagon or keep it closer, n (%) | 57 (9.0) | 27 (5.3) | 65 (12.5) | 41 (8.7) | 0.0010c |
| Acute Emotional Impactg | |||||
| Scared | 393 (62.1) | 317 (62.4) | 403 (77.2) | 341 (72.7) | <.0001c |
| Unprepared | 296 (46.8) | 293 (57.7) | 221 (42.3) | 224 (47.8) | <.0001c |
| Helpless | 387 (61.1) | 295 (58.1) | 259 (49.6) | 239 (51.0) | 0.0001c |
This analysis included data from the US, UK, Germany, Canada, Spain, and France cohorts of the global CRASH study.
Blocks for the multivariable model are represented by sections 1–7 of the table. Only PWD respondent data (columns 1 and 2) were modelled.
Abbreviations: BG, Blood Glucose; CG, Caregiver; CGM, Continuous Glucose Monitoring; ER, Emergency Room; HCP, Health Care Provider; PWD, People with Diabetes; SD, Standard Deviation; SH, Severe Hypoglycemia, Q1, 1st quartile; Q3, 3rd quartile.
a
p-values compare the overall difference between the 4 study arms.
b
Wilcoxon Rank Sum test (non-parametric test for continuous data).
c
Chi-square test (Binary data).
d
Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel Test (categorical data with >2 categories).
e
The Gold score has only been validated for PWD.
f
Only includes those who took the action.
g
Data presented are the percentage of participants that ‘agreed’ or ‘strongly agreed’ that the most recent severe hypoglycemic event made them feel ‘scared’, ‘unprepared’, or ‘helpless’.