Table 1.
Socio-demographic and lifestyle related characteristics of the participants (n = 2352)
| Characteristics | Total N (%) | Migraine N (%) | No migraine N (%) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (Mean, SD) | 21.9 (2.3) | 21.7 (2.2) | 21.9 (2.3) | 0.051 |
| Sex | ||||
| Female | 1313 (55.8) | 378 (28.8) | 935 (71.2) | < 0.001 |
| Male | 1039 (44.2) | 125 (12.0) | 914 (88.0) | |
| Year of study | ||||
| 1st | 621 (26.4) | 196 (31.6) | 425 (68.4) | < 0.001 |
| 2nd | 534 (22.7) | 78 (14.6) | 456 (85.4) | |
| 3rd | 511 (21.7) | 90 (17.6) | 421 (82.4) | |
| 4th | 403 (17.1) | 77 (19.1) | 326 (80.9) | |
| 5th / Masters | 283 (12.0) | 62 (21.9) | 221 (78.1) | |
| Family income | ||||
| Low (< BDT 15,000) | 458 (19.5) | 80 (17.5) | 378 (82.5) | < 0.001 |
| Middle (BDT 15,000–30,000) | 1098 (46.7) | 203 (18.5) | 895 (81.5) | |
| High (BDT > 30,000) | 796 (33.8) | 220 (27.6) | 576 (72.4) | |
| Marital status | ||||
| Married | 261 (11.1) | 83 (31.8) | 178 (68.2) | < 0.001 |
| Unmarried | 2091 (88.9) | 420 (20.1) | 1671 (79.9) | |
| BMI | ||||
| Overweight (≥ 25 kg/m2) | 434 (18.5) | 85 (19.6) | 349 (80.4) | 0.560 |
| Normal (18.5–24.9 kg/m2) | 1481 (62.9) | 320 (21.6) | 1161 (78.4) | |
| Underweight (< 18.5 kg/m2) | 437 (18.6) | 98 (22.4) | 339 (77.6) | |
| Frequency of fast-food intake per week | ||||
| More than 3 times | 217 (9.2) | 45 (20.7) | 172 (79.3) | 0.840 |
| 1–2 times | 778 (33.1) | 162 (20.8) | 616 (79.2) | |
| Less than once | 1357 (57.7) | 296 (21.8) | 1061 (78.2) | |
| Frequency of exercise per week (at least 30 min daily) | ||||
| More than 3 times | 423 (18.0) | 83 (19.6) | 340 (80.4) | 0.014 |
| 1–2 times | 446 (19.0) | 118 (26.5) | 328 (73.5) | |
| Less than once | 1483 (63.1) | 302 (20.4) | 1181 (79.6) | |
| Screen time (daily) | ||||
| > 12 h | 201 (8.5) | 51 (25.4) | 150 (74.6) | < 0.001 |
| 6–12 h | 811 (34.5) | 223 (27.5) | 588 (72.5) | |
| 2–6 h | 1052 (44.7) | 176 (16.7) | 876 (83.3) | |
| < 2 h | 288 (12.2) | 53 (18.4) | 235 (81.6) | |
| Smoking | ||||
| Yes | 591 (25.1) | 115 (19.5) | 476 (80.5) | 0.187 |
| No | 1761 (74.9) | 388 (22.0) | 1373 (78.0) | |
| Alcohol intake | ||||
| Yes | 441 (18.8) | 103 (23.4) | 338 (76.6) | 0.263 |
| No | 1911 (81.3) | 400 (20.9) | 1511 (79.1) | |
| Substance abuse (e.g. cannabis, heroine, marijuana, amphetamines etc.) | ||||
| Yes | 262 (11.1) | 68 (26.0) | 194 (74.0) | 0.056 |
| No | 2090 (88.9) | 435 (20.8) | 1655 (79.2) | |
| Family history of chronic headache | ||||
| Yes | 993 (42.2) | 303 (30.5) | 690 (69.5) | < 0.001 |
| No | 1359 (57.8) | 200 (14.7) | 1159 (85.3) | |
| Sleep quality | ||||
| Poor (PSQI score > 5) | 1627 (69.2) | 388 (23.8) | 1239 (76.2) | < 0.001 |
| Good (PSQI score ≤ 5) | 728 (31.0) | 115 (15.8) | 613 (84.2) | |
| Anxiety | ||||
| Yes (GAD-7 score ≥ 10) | 686 (29.2) | 235 (34.3) | 451 (65.7) | < 0.001 |
| No (GAD-7 score < 10) | 1666 (70.8) | 268 (16.1) | 1398 (83.9) | |
| Depression | ||||
| Yes (PHQ-9 score ≥ 10) | 984 (41.8) | 282 (28.7) | 702 (71.3) | < 0.001 |
| No (PHQ-9 score < 10) | 1368 (58.2) | 221 (16.2) | 1147 (83.8) | |