Table 3. Temporal Trends in Mental Health Outcomes in Multivariable Model 1a.
| Factor | Moderate or severe depression (PHQ-9 ≥10) | Moderate or severe anxiety (GAD-7 ≥10) | Any self-harm or suicidal thoughts | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| aOR (95% CI) | P value | aOR (95% CI) | P value | aOR (95% CI) | P value | |
| Time, mo | ||||||
| 0 (baseline) | 1 [Reference] | NA | 1 [Reference] | NA | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| 3 | 2.12 (0.98-4.60) | .06 | 1.50 (0.71-3.15) | .29 | 0.99 (0.48-2.06) | .98 |
| 6 | 0.99 (0.42-2.35) | .98 | 0.78 (0.38-1.59) | .49 | 1.22 (0.63-2.36) | .56 |
| 12 | 1.27 (0.44-3.67) | .66 | 0.96 (0.43-2.11) | .91 | 0.98 (0.39-2.48) | .97 |
| Mental health and substance use at baseline | ||||||
| Moderate or severe depression (PHQ-9 ≥10) | 18.5 (8.44-40.5) | <.001 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Moderate or severe anxiety (GAD-7 ≥10) | 3.63 (1.83-7.19) | <.001 | 12.4 (6.25-24.7) | <.001 | NA | NA |
| Self-harm or suicidal thoughts | NA | NA | NA | NA | 19.9 (10.9-36.1) | <.001 |
| Any substance use | 3.35 (1.56-7.18) | .002 | 2.21 (1.09-4.49) | .03 | 2.07 (1.09-3.93) | .03 |
| Resilience at Baseline (CD-RISC 10 ≥22.5)b | NA | NA | 0.48 (0.24-0.95) | .04 | NA | NA |
Abbreviations: aOR, adjusted odds ratio; CD-RISC 10, Connor-Davidson 10-item Resilience Scale; GAD-7, Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale; NA, not applicable; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire 9-item scale.
a
Model 1 includes categorical temporal variables (ie, months 3, 6, and 12 relative to baseline) and covariates that were statistically significant in bivariate models (such that 95% CIs did not contain 1.00) (see Table 2). Covariates that were not significant in bivariate models are marked NA.
b
The median (range) CD-RISC score for the cohort is 22.5 (1-38).