Table 3.
Severity of UE in each impairment class in the high and low robotic assistance groups
| Severity of UE hemiplegia at baseline | Group | Pre-intervention | Post-intervention | Amount of change | p-value of two-way ANOVA (severity × group) in between-group comparisons (effect size) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FMA | FMA < 30 | High RA group (N = 12) | 14.8 ± 7.0 | 27.4 ± 13.2 | 12.7 ± 9.8 | 0.103 (η2 = 0.09) |
| Low RA group (N = 5) | 20.0 ± 5.6 | 28.0 ± 7.8 | 8.0 ± 4.0 | |||
| FMA > 30 | High RA group (N = 5) | 44.8 ± 5.2 | 48.6 ± 8.1 | 3.8 ± 5.8 | ||
| Low RA group (N = 8) | 46.6 ± 6.8 | 55.0 ± 2.9 | 9.3 ± 6.2 | |||
| FMA-proximal (shoulder/elbow/forearm) | FMA < 30 | High RA group (N = 12) | 10.8 ± 5.5 | 18.6 ± 7.5 | 7.8 ± 5.4 | 0.038 (η2 = 0.13) |
| Low RA group (N = 5) | 15.2 ± 3.6 | 19.0 ± 4.7 | 3.8 ± 3.3 | |||
| FMA ≥ 30 | High RA group (N = 5) | 27.4 ± 3.4 | 27.6 ± 3.2 | 0.2 ± 1.5 | ||
| Low RA group (N = 8) | 27.4 ± 4.7 | 31.1 ± 2.9 | 3.8 ± 4.3 | |||
| WMFT-PT | FMA < 30 | High RA group (N = 12) | 1466.2 ± 266.4 | 1137.3 ± 357.1 | − 328.9 ± 298.4 | 0.021 (η2 = 0.17) |
| Low RA group (N = 5) | 1524.0 ± 226.6 | 1280.8 ± 241.3 | − 242.0 ± 51.0 | |||
| FMA ≥ 30 | High RA group (N = 5) | 434.8 ± 289.1 | 5511.8 ± 378.3 | 77.0 ± 233.0 | ||
| Low RA group (N = 8) | 477.6 ± 301.7 | -341.9 ± 292.7 | − 341.9 ± 292.7 | |||
| WMFT-FAS | FMA < 30 | High RA group (N = 12) | 17.1 ± 9.1 | 26.3 ± 12.7 | 9.3 ± 13.3 | 0.045 (η2 = 0.14) |
| Low RA group (N = 5) | 18.2 ± 8.6 | 22.4 ± 8.7 | 4.2 ± 8.2 | |||
| FMA ≥ 30 | High RA group (N = 5) | 44.0 ± 12.9 | 43.6 ± 15.1 | − 0.4 ± 8.3 | ||
| Low RA group (N = 8) | 44.9 ± 4.9 | 56.9 ± 0.7 | 11.4 ± 6.0 |
Data are presented as mean ± SD
UE upper extremity, FMA Fugl-Meyer Assessment, RA robotic assistance, WMFT Wolf Motor Function Test, PT performance time, FAS Functional Assessment Scale, ANOVA analysis of variance