Table 1.

Markov Model Parameter Estimates and Assumptions

Parameter	Value	Sensitivity Analysis Range
1. DR transition probabilities
No to Mild [27]	0.07	0.01–0.10
Mild to Moderate [27]	0.19	0.166–0.214
Moderate to VTDR [27]	0.17	0.147–0.193
VTDR to Stable [28]	0.90	0.881–0.919
Stable to Blindness [29]	0.02	0.002–0.03
VTDR to Blindness [29]	0.09	0.07–0.11
2. Utility
No DR [30]	0.94	0.83–1.05
Mild DR [30]	0.87	0.73–1.01
Moderate DR [30]	0.87	0.73–1.01
VTDR [30]	0.83	0.74–0.92
Stable DR [31]	0.85	0.72–0.78
Blindness [30]	0.81	0.73–0.89
3. Disutility of DR [32]	0.066	-
4. Mortality multipliers [26]
Blindness	2.34	2.22–2.46
Diabetes	1.90	1.04–2.7
5. Sensitivity, %
AI Screening screening [23]	90.79	86.40-94.10
Ophthalmologist screening [24]	96.00	94.79-97.21
6. Specificity, %
AI screening [23]	98.50	97.80-99.00
Ophthalmologist screening [24]	94.67	94.57-97.43
7. Compliance of screening [33], %	86.00	-

DR Diabetic retinopathy, VTDR Vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy