Table 3.

ANOVA results including means and standard deviations for independent variables among adolescents in different substance use clusters

Independent variables	Sample mean and sda	Tobacco and alcohol users	No use group	Alcohol users	Problem alcohol users	Smokers	Users of all
		n = 114	n = 768	n = 169	n = 329	n = 76	n = 120	F (p-values)b
General family relations
Family cohesion	3.03 (.57)	2.85 (.61)24	3.08 (.55)16	3.00 (.58)	3.09 (.55)16	3.0 (.47)	2.76 (.60)24	9.16 **
Family conflict	1.73 (.47)	1.88 (.58)24	1.68 (.43)16	1.68 (.41)6	1.70 (.47)16	1.79 (.46)	2.02 (.56)234	12.81**
Closeness	3.53 (.94)	3.29 (.94)4	3.56 (.96)6	3.58 (.90)	3.68 (.86)16	3.30 (.93)	3.20 (.88)24	6.97**
Change in social relations during Covid-19
Fun time with family	2.80 (1.16)	2.61 (1.19)	2.86 (1.15)	2.78 (1.19)	2.87 (1.14)	2.64 (1.20)	2.53 (1.23)	2.97*
Conflicts in family	2.67 (1.56)	2.77 (1.50)	2.52 (1.59)	2.79 (1.50)	2.83 (1.51)	2.58 (1.73)	2.91 (1.57)	3.19*
Meeting with friends	2.39 (1.26)	2.85 (1.17)23	2.22 (1.24)146	2.18 (1.29)16	2.54 (1.23)2	2.36 (1.31)	2.78 (1.34)23	10.21**
Hanging out without parents’ knowledge	1.79 (1.59)	2.66 (1.49)234	1.40 (1.51)146	1.69 (1.60)16	2.05 (1.59)1264	1.97 (1.55)	2.62 (1.40)234	26.96**
Restrictions during Covid-19
Following rules and restrictions	3.11 (.66)	2.79 (.67)23	3.23 (.61)146	3.18 (.63)16	3.01(.65)2	3.07 (.69)	2.82 (.76)23	18.14**

^aSignificant differences between clusters 1–6

^b*p < .05; **p < .001