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. 2022 Jan 11;59(3):1693–1705. doi: 10.1007/s12035-021-02686-2

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — PIWI proteins were dysregulated in postmortem sALS samples. A RT-qPCR for PIWIL1, PIWIL2, PIWIL3, PIWIL4 expression of mRNA using the ΔCT method. RT-qPCR using the △CT method for PIWIL1 and PIWIL4 showed significant differences between ALS and control samples, while PIWIL2 and PIWIL3 showed non-significant differences. B RT-qPCR results of postmortem PIWIL1 and PIWIL4 expression using a control pool for the standard curve method. One-tailed t-test and the Wilcoxon test were used for statistical calculations. PIWIL1 was upregulated 1.2–1.9-fold in sALS patients compared to the mean of control samples, by the standard curve method. C Western blot analysis of PIWIL1 and PIWIL4 in postmortem samples. The increase of PIWIL1 protein and the decrease of PIWIL4 protein were confirmed in ALS samples. D Quantitative analysis of PIWIL1 and PIWIL4 in a Western blot normalized to GAPDH. The increase of PIWIL1 protein and the decrease of PIWIL4 protein were statistically confirmed. ns: not significant. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01