Table 1.

Usual Source of Health Care Services, Demographics, Socioeconomic Status, and Health Status Characteristics of Medicare Beneficiaries Aged 65 Years and Older Stratified by the Presence of Hearing or Vision Loss.

	Hearing Loss							Near Vision Loss							Distance Vision Loss
	Absent			Present			P value a	Absent			Present			P value a	Absent			Present			P value a
	N	% or mean	SE	N	% or mean	SE		N	% or mean	SE	N	% or mean	SE		N	% or mean	SE	N	% or mean	SE
Interview Type
Proxy, yes	284	3.1	0.2	189	13.3	1.4	<0.001	345	3.5	0.3	117	19.8	2.0	<0.001	297	3.0	0.3	151	20.2	2.1	<0.001
Usual Source of Health Care Services
Have usual source of health care, yes	6,144	94.7	0.4	984	94.3	0.9	0.614	6,697	94.8	0.4	451	91.6	1.8	0.032	6,538	94.7	0.4	569	94.3	1.0	0.666
Drove self to appointment, yes	4,043	75.5	0.7	438	53.8	2.0	<0.001	4,415	75.2	0.7	79	23.1	2.8	<0.001	4,370	76.0	0.7	118	27.8	2.5	<0.001
Others drove to appointment, yes	2,032	25.9	0.7	516	44.9	1.8	<0.001	2,220	26.4	0.6	330	67.8	2.9	<0.001	2,107	25.4	0.7	418	67.5	2.3	<0.001
Attended doctor appointment with others, yes	2,296	32.5	0.9	595	57.0	1.8	<0.001	2,567	34.0	0.8	323	67.9	3.4	<0.001	2,470	33.4	0.9	397	64.7	2.7	<0.001
Others helped prepare for doctor exam, yes	380	14.8	0.9	169	25.9	1.8	<0.001	441	15.5	0.9	105	32.7	3.3	<0.001	410	15.1	0.9	127	28.8	2.5	<0.001
Others reminded participant during doctor visit, yes	1,278	53.8	1.4	388	67.5	2.4	<0.001	1,462	55.9	1.3	205	64.7	3.3	0.016	1,411	55.7	1.3	245	63.7	2.6	0.006
Others asked or shared information at doctor visit, yes	1,311	52.1	1.3	425	68.8	2.5	<0.001	1,487	53.8	1.3	243	71.6	3.3	<0.001	1,419	52.9	1.3	293	71.7	3.1	<0.001
Others helped understand information at doctor visit, yes	1,221	46.3	1.4	454	73.9	2.1	<0.001	1,415	49.4	1.2	250	74.9	3.0	<0.001	1,361	48.7	1.1	289	73.5	2.8	<0.001
Demographics
Age in years							<0.001							<0.001							<0.001
65–74	2,559	57.9	0.6	237	41.1	1.7		2,704	56.8	0.6	99	35.6	2.9		2,669	57.2	0.6	128	37.2	3.0
75–84	2,599	31.1	0.5	373	31.9	1.6		2,815	31.2	0.5	169	32.5	2.2		2,774	31.4	0.5	197	30.3	2.0
85+	1,322	11.0	0.3	441	27.0	1.1		1,541	12.0	0.3	220	32.0	1.9		1,454	11.5	0.3	287	32.5	2.4
Sex, Female	3,798	56.3	0.7	573	50.2	2.0	0.008	4,072	55.1	0.7	303	61.8	2.3	0.012	3,922	54.6	0.7	426	67.7	2.6	<0.001
Race and ethnicity							<0.001							<0.001							<0.001
White, non-Hispanic	4,383	80.7	1.0	742	76.7	2.1		4,893	81.0	1.0	250	64.3	3.4		4,740	80.9	1.0	373	70.4	2.8
Black, non-Hispanic	1,426	9.0	0.5	132	4.5	0.6		1,406	8.1	0.4	148	14.4	1.6		1,416	8.4	0.4	130	9.2	1.2
Hispanic or Other	513	10.3	0.8	157	18.8	2.0		598	10.9	0.9	74	21.3	3.2		579	10.8	0.9	93	20.4	2.7
Marital Status							<0.001							<0.001							<0.001
Married or living with a partner	3,180	57.3	0.8	453	51.8	1.9		3,491	57.6	0.8	156	38.4	2.7		3,447	57.9	0.8	186	39.3	2.0
Separated or divorced	929	14.8	0.6	109	11.4	1.3		981	14.3	0.6	57	14.9	2.3		961	14.4	0.5	75	13.9	1.6
Widowed or never married	2,366	27.9	0.6	488	36.8	1.4		2,584	28.1	0.6	273	46.7	2.4		2,484	27.7	0.6	350	46.9	2.3
Number of close social contacts	6,196	2.22	0.03	862	2.01	0.06	<0.001	6,715	2.21	0.03	371	1.79	0.06	<0.001	6,600	2.21	0.03	461	2.00	0.07	0.006
Socioeconomic Status
Education							<0.001							<0.001							<0.001
High school degree or equivalent or less	2,975	41.1	1.2	621	58.3	2.1		3,267	42.0	1.2	334	70.5	2.7		3,209	42.0	1.2	369	61.5	2.7
Some college or vocational training	1,398	23.7	0.6	185	19.4	1.2		1,516	23.6	0.7	70	14.5	2.1		1,464	23.4	0.7	114	19.6	1.9
College degree	1,950	35.2	1.2	218	22.2	1.6		2,111	34.4	1.2	65	15.0	2.0		2,062	34.6	1.2	108	18.9	2.1
Medicaid, present	885	11.1	0.5	212	20.8	1.7	<0.001	942	11.4	0.5	151	31.3	2.7	<0.001	940	11.4	0.5	151	25.6	2.2	<0.001
Health Status
Medical comorbidity							<0.001							<0.001							<0.001
1st Quartile	1,485	28.8	0.6	164	18.9	1.6		1,581	28.1	0.6	72	17.0	2.5		1,564	28.3	0.6	81	16.8	2.2
2st Quartile	1,545	25.2	0.8	195	19.8	1.3		1,666	24.9	0.7	82	17.4	2.2		1,624	24.8	0.7	115	20.3	2.4
3rd Quartile	1,495	21.9	0.6	223	22.8	1.5		1,607	21.9	0.6	111	22.3	2.2		1,592	22.2	0.6	123	19.2	2.0
4th Quartile	1,878	24.2	0.5	449	38.5	1.8		2,115	25.1	0.6	216	43.3	3.0		2,033	24.7	0.5	281	43.7	2.6
Dementia or Alzheimer’s							<0.001							<0.001							<0.001
Probable	650	6.5	0.3	283	21.8	1.6		736	7.2	0.3	188	32.1	2.5		703	6.8	0.3	206	29.1	2.4
Possible	632	7.7	0.3	138	11.4	1.1		682	7.8	0.3	93	17.8	1.8		680	7.8	0.3	86	12.8	1.2
No dementia	5,176	85.8	0.4	618	66.8	1.8		5,619	85.0	0.4	197	50.2	2.8		5,494	85.4	0.4	309	58.0	2.1
IADL impairment, present	1,438	17.6	0.5	485	41.2	2.1	<0.001	1,595	18.3	0.5	327	66.4	3.3	<0.001	1,501	17.7	0.5	394	59.7	2.7	<0.001
ADL impairment, present	1,062	12.8	0.5	393	31.8	1.7	<0.001	1,204	13.5	0.4	248	48.4	2.7	<0.001	1,118	12.9	0.5	308	44.3	2.8	<0.001
Depression symptoms, present	777	10.7	0.4	254	25.6	1.5	<0.001	888	11.6	0.5	143	31.6	3.2	<0.001	843	11.2	0.4	182	31.3	2.6	<0.001
Environment
Entrance stairs, present	4,849	76.4	0.9	731	72.5	1.8	0.024	5,283	76.5	0.9	307	65.7	2.3	<0.001	5,192	76.7	0.9	386	65.9	2.3	<0.001
Entrance ramp, present	670	9.0	0.5	171	14.3	1.1	<0.001	745	9.3	0.5	96	17.5	2.1	<0.001	718	9.2	0.5	116	15.9	1.9	<0.001

Note. SE = standard error; IADL = instrumental activities of daily living; ADL = activities of daily living. Prevalence estimates are based on population-weighted data.

^aP values determined by Rao-Scott F adjusted chi-square statistic for categorical variables or F-test statistic for continuous variables.