Table 2.
Major genera in the oral wash of patients with COVID-19 and healthy controls in response to various clinical conditions.
| Loss of taste (LoT) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bacteria | Healthy | COVID–LoT | COVID + LoT | †p-value |
| Streptococcus | 7.9 ± 0.5a | 8.1 ± 0.5a | 7.8 ± 0.3a | 0.0838 |
| Prevotella | 6.1 ± 0.3a | 3.0 ± 1.1b | 5.1 ± 0.6a | 0.0405 |
| Enterococcus | 3.5 ± 0.3a | 2.7 ± 1.0a | 4.3 ± 0.5a | 0.4093 |
| Rothia | 5.0 ± 0.4b | 6.8 ± 0.5a | 6.6 ± 0.4a | 0.0053 |
| Veillonella | 5.5 ± 0.4a | 5.1 ± 0.9a | 5.6 ± 0.6a | 0.6152 |
| Neisseria | 6.7 ± 0.4a | 2.3 ± 1.4b | 1.2 ± 0.4b | 3.1e-05 |
| Haemophilus | 5.7 ± 0.4a | 1.5 ± 0.7b | 1.0 ± 0.4b | 8.0e-06 |
| Porphyromonas | 4.8 ± 0.4a | 0.4 ± 0.3b | 1.3 ± 0.4b | 1.5e-05 |
| Loss of motion (LoM) | ||||
| Bacteria | Healthy | COVID–LoM | COVID + LoM | † p -value |
| Streptococcus | 7.9 ± 0.5a | 8.2 ± 0.3a | 8.4 ± 0.3a | 0.1222 |
| Prevotella | 6.1 ± 0.3a | 3.6 ± 1.1a | 5.1 ± 0.6a | 0.1262 |
| Enterococcus | 3.5 ± 0.3a | 3.0 ± 0.8a | 4.2 ± 0.6a | 0.6124 |
| Rothia | 5.0 ± 0.4b | 6.6 ± 0.5a | 6.7 ± 0.3a | 0.0054 |
| Veillonella | 5.5 ± 0.4a | 5.3 ± 0.8a | 5.5 ± 0.6a | 0.6661 |
| Neisseria | 6.7 ± 0.4a | 2.4 ± 1.2b | 1.1 ± 0.4b | 2.6e-05 |
| Haemophilus | 5.7 ± 0.4a | 2.1 ± 0.9b | 0.7 ± 0.3b | 5.0e-06 |
| Porphyromonas | 4.8 ± 0.4a | 0.9 ± 0.5b | 1.1 ± 0.4b | 2.0e-05 |
| Diarrhoea (DRR) | ||||
| Bacteria | Healthy | COVID–DRR | COVID + DRR | † p -value |
| Streptococcus | 7.9 ± 0.5a | 8.6 ± 0.5a | 7.9 ± 0.4a | 0.0671 |
| Prevotella | 6.1 ± 0.3a | 4.4 ± 0.7a | 5.1 ± 0.9a | 0.2222 |
| Enterococcus | 3.5 ± 0.3a | 4.3 ± 0.4a | 3.1 ± 1.1a | 0.3181 |
| Rothia | 5.0 ± 0.4b | 6.8 ± 0.3a | 6.4 ± 0.4a | 0.00487 |
| Veillonella | 5.5 ± 0.4a | 5.0 ± 0.7a | 5.6 ± 0.6a | 0.4224 |
| Neisseria | 6.7 ± 0.4a | 1.3 ± 0.4b | 2.0 ± 1.0b | 3.4e-05 |
| Haemophilus | 5.7 ± 0.4a | 1.3 ± 0.5b | 0.9 ± 0.5b | 8.5e-06 |
| Porphyromonas | 4.8 ± 0.4a | 1.3 ± 0.5b | 0.4 ± 0.6b | 1.5e-05 |
| Medication (MC) | ||||
| Bacteria | Healthy | COVID–MC | COVID + MC | † p -value |
| Streptococcus | 7.9 ± 0.5a | 8.5 ± 0.2a | 8.2 ± 0.3a | 0.1576 |
| Prevotella | 6.1 ± 0.3a | 4.9 ± 0.7a | 4.3 ± 0.9a | 0.1847 |
| Enterococcus | 3.5 ± 0.3a | 3.7 ± 0.5a | 4.0 ± 0.8a | 0.7931 |
| Rothia | 5.0 ± 0.4b | 7.1 ± 0.3a | 6.2 ± 0.3ab | 0.0011 |
| Veillonella | 5.5 ± 0.4a | 5.3 ± 0.6a | 5.6 ± 0.8a | 0.4477 |
| Neisseria | 6.7 ± 0.4a | 2.0 ± 0.8b | 1.0 ± 0.5b | 2.8e-05 |
| Haemophilus | 5.7 ± 0.4a | 1.3 ± 0.4b | 0.9 ± 0.6b | 6.8e-06 |
| Porphyromonas | 4.8 ± 0.4a | 1.3 ± 0.6b | 0.8 ± 0.4b | 1.5e-05 |
| Breathing difficulty and sore throat (BDST) | ||||
| Bacteria | Healthy | COVID–BDST | COVID + BDST | † p -value |
| Streptococcus | 7.9 ± 0.5b | 7.3 ± 0.2b | 8.9 ± 0.1a | 2.7e-05 |
| Prevotella | 6.1 ± 0.3a | 4.0 ± 1.1a | 5.0 ± 0.6a | 0.1338 |
| Enterococcus | 3.5 ± 0.3a | 3.6 ± 1.2a | 3.9 ± 0.4a | 0.6134 |
| Rothia | 5.0 ± 0.4b | 6.5 ± 0.5a | 6.8 ± 0.3a | 0.0039 |
| Veillonella | 5.5 ± 0.4a | 4.7 ± 1.1a | 5.9 ± 0.5a | 0.4191 |
| Neisseria | 6.7 ± 0.4a | 1.4 ± 1.1b | 1.6 ± 0.5b | 3.9e-05 |
| Haemophilus | 5.7 ± 0.4a | 0.7 ± 0.4b | 1.4 ± 0.5b | 7.4e-06 |
| Porphyromonas | 4.8 ± 0.4a | 0.3 ± 0.2b | 1.4 ± 0.5b | 1.3e-05 |
Genera with at least 1% read abundance in any of the tested groups were considered for the differential abundance analysis. Relative abundance is shown as mean ± SD. Different superscripts (a, b, ab) placed with mean values in the same column convey their significant difference in bacterial abundance with each other.
†
p-value adjusted with Bonferroni correction.