Table 2.
Mendelian randomization analyses of the association between extrinsic exposures and prostate cancer risk.
| Extrinsic exposures | PRACTICAL consortium | UK Biobank | Combined | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N SNPs | OR (95%CI) | p | N SNPs | OR (95%CI) | p | OR (95%CI) | p | |
| Behaviors | ||||||||
| Coffee consumption | 15 | 0.855 (0.503-1.452) | 0.561 | 15 | 0.987 (0.972-1,002) | 0.081 | 1.005 (0.985-1.025) | 0.078 |
| Alcohol consumption (drinkers vs non-drinkers) | 16 | 0.998 (0.994-1.003) | 0.440 | 15 | 1.000 (1.000-1.000) | 0.726 | 1.000 (1.000-1.000) | 0.700 |
| Smoking status (ever vs never smokers) | 214 | 1.002 (0.872-1.152) | 0.973 | 213 | 1.003 (0.997-1.009) | 0.372 | 0.999 (0.999-1.000) | 0.372 |
| ALA | 3 | 0.655 (0.176-2.442) | 0.528 | 3 | 0.655 (0.176-2.442) | 0.528 | 0.665 (0.258-1.661) | 0.373 |
| DHA | 1 | 0.806 (0.661-0.984) | 0.034 | 1 | 1.008 (0.998-1.017) | 0.117 | 0.987 (0.972-1.002) | 0.460 |
| Biomakers | ||||||||
| Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D levels | 106 | 1.012 (0.949-1.080) | 0.708 | 85 | 0.999 (0.995-1.003) | 0.702 | 0.999 (0.995-1.003) | 0.719 |
| Vitamin B12 | 3 | 1.000 (1.000-1.001) | 0.081 | 3 | 1.000 (1.000-1.000) | 0.272 | 1.000 (1.000-1.000) | 0.506 |
| Folate | 1 | 0.991 (0.971-1.013) | 0.431 | 1 | 0.999 (0.998-1.000) | 0.223 | 0.997 (0.989-1.006) | 0.210 |
| Fasting blood glucose | 32 | 0.927 (0.730-1.178) | 0.536 | 32 | 0.997 (0.989-1.006) | 0.560 | 0.923 (0.745-1.142) | 0.546 |
| IGF-I | 4 | 1.000 (0.997-1.003) | 0.864 | 4 | 1.000 (1.000-1.000) | 0.423 | 1.000 (0.997-1.004) | 0.416 |
| IGFBP-3 | 4 | 1.000 (1.000-1.000) | 0.016 | 4 | 1.000 (1.000-1.000) | 0.743 | 1.000 (1.000-1.000) | 0.404 |
| Triglycerides | 124 | 0.973 (0.886-1.068) | 0.562 | 121 | 1.001 (0.997-1.005) | 0.634 | 1.001 (0.997-1.005) | 0.653 |
| HDL | 131 | 0.970 (0.891-1.056) | 0.488 | 129 | 1.001 (0.997-1.006) | 0.535 | 0.999 (0.998-1.000) | 0.559 |
| LDL | 101 | 0.981 (0.888-1.084) | 0.707 | 102 | 1.003 (1.000-1.007) | 0.054 | 0.999 (0.997-1.002) | 0.055 |
| Testosterone levels | 40 | 1.000 (0.996-1.004) | 0.854 | 17 | 1.000 (0.997-1.003) | 0.836 | 1.000 (0.998-1.003) | 0.783 |
| Sex hormone-binding globulin levels | 23 | 0.912 (0.791-1.051) | 0.202 | 21 | 1.001 (0.995-1.008) | 0.659 | 0.970 (0.892-1.054) | 0.641 |
| Interleukin-6 levels | 21 | 1.025 (0.951-1.104) | 0.520 | 19 | 0.999 (0.997-1.002) | 0.694 | 1.000 (1.000-1.000) | 0.712 |
| Diseases | ||||||||
| Hypertension | 41 | 1.058 (0.994-1.187) | 0.332 | 40 | 1.000 (0.996-1.004) | 0.854 | 1.000 (0.997-1.003) | 0.828 |
| Type 2 diabetes | 141 | 1.029 (0.967-1.095) | 0.363 | 147 | 1.000 (0.998-1.002) | 0.863 | 1.003 (0.997-1.009) | 0.889 |
| Periodontitis | 110 | 1.006 (0.991-1.021) | 0.451 | 105 | 1.001 (1.000-1.001) | 0.078 | 1.000 (0.999-1.002) | 0.073 |
| Benign prostatic hyperplasia | 7 | 1.027 (0.985-1.070) | 0.212 | 5 | 1.000 (0.997-1.003) | 0.898 | 0.995 (0.990-1.000) | 0.647 |
| Systemic lupus erythematosus | 66 | 0.999 (0.984-1.013) | 0.860 | 63 | 0.999 (0.999-1.000) | 0.039 | 0.999 (0.999-1.000) | 0.039 |
| Schizophrenia | 134 | 0.916 (0.836-1.004) | 0.062 | 111 | 1.001 (0.997-1.005) | 0.593 | 1.001 (1.000-1.001) | 0.469 |
| Parkinson’s disease | 101 | 0.992 (0.960-1.025) | 0.637 | 101 | 1.000 (0.999-1.002) | 0.733 | 0.999 (0.997-1.001) | 0.750 |
| Multiple sclerosis | 310 | 1.011 (0.967-1.057) | 0.623 | 290 | 0.999 (0.997-1.001) | 0.280 | 1.000 (0.997-1.003) | 0.290 |
| Metabolic syndrome | 76 | 0.999 (0.939-1.062) | 0.975 | 68 | 1.000 (0.997-1.003) | 0.818 | 1.003 (1.000-1.007) | 0.819 |
| Body measurement | ||||||||
| Body mass index | 195 | 1.023 (0.906-1.156) | 0.711 | 192 | 0.995 (0.990-1.000) | 0.047 | 0.995 (0.990-1.000) | 0.048 |
| Height | 164 | 1.015 (0.950-1.086) | 0.655 | 164 | 1.000 (0.997-1.003) | 0.916 | 1.001 (0.997-1.006) | 0.993 |
| Waist circumference | 49 | 0.913 (0.786-1.060) | 0.230 | 48 | 1.000 (0.992-1.008) | 0.922 | 0.986 (0.925-1.051) | 0.665 |
| Drugs | ||||||||
| Aspirin use measurement | 9 | 1.108 (0.970-1.265) | 0.130 | 10 | 1.006 (0.996-1.016) | 0.230 | 1.031 (0.950-1.119) | 0.466 |
ALA, alpha-linolenic acid; CI, confidence interval; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid; HDL, high density lipoprotein; IGF-I, Insulin-like growth factor-I; IGFBP-3, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3; LDL, low density lipoprotein; OR, odds ratio; RACTICAL, Prostate Cancer Association Group to Investigate Cancer Associated Alterations in the Genome; SNP, single nucleotide polymorphisms.
The bold means statistical significant.