FIGURE 5.

Regulation of NF-κB in CKD. (1) Common NF-κB dimer pairs include p65/RelA and p50 in the canonical pathway and RelB and p52 in the non-canonical pathway. Non-canonical cell signals may antagonize canonical cell signals in fibroblasts. (2) AHR dimerizes with RelB in the production of IL-8. AHR or PPAR-γ activation promotes ubiquitination and degradation of p65/RelA. (3) Estrogen activates estrogen receptors (ER-α/β) to produce the NF-κB inhibitor, IκBα, and promotes the recruitment of ER-β to p65 binding sites, which blocks p65 transcriptional activity. (4) Heat shock protein (HSP)-90 is a chaperone shared by ER-α/β, PPAR-γ, AHR, and canonical NF-κB. (5) Elevated levels of p65/RelA, RelB, and HSP90 are found in CKD patient serum.