Table 1.

Summary of long-term lifestyle interventions.

References	Sample description and size (mean age)	Description of the method	Duration of intervention	Aim for weekly activity	CBF measurement	CF measurement	Statistically significant imaging results	Statistically significant cognitive results
Espeland et al. (2018)	Patients diagnosed with diabetes 157 EXP (57.5 ± 6.3) 153 CON (58.5 ± 6.6)	Intensive lifestyle intervention	10–12 years	>175 min/week	MRI	Rey auditory verbal learning test, digit symbol coding Test, SCWT, MMSE	CBF level (p < 0.05)	Digit symbol coding, SCWT, TMT part B (p < 0.05)
Rosano et al. (2010)	Older patients, PA—active and after PE intervention, SA—not active after no PE intervention 20 EXP (81.45); 10 CON (80.8)	Walking, follow-up 2 years after intervention, after maintaining active/not active lifestyle	26+ weeks	150 min/week	fMRI while DSST	fDSST, MMSE	Activation was higher in EXP group, p = 0.04	fDSST: more widely distributed network that included ECF regions within the dorsolateral prefrontal, posterior parietal, and anterior cingulate cortices compared with the regions active in the CON group

CBF, cerebral blood flow; EXP, experimental group; CON, control group; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; SCWT, Stroop Color and Word Test; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; TMT, Trial Making Test; PE, physical exercise; CF, Cognitive Function; fMRI, functional magnetic resonance imaging; DSST, Digit Symbol Substitution Test.