Effects of minocycline and fecal microbiome transplantation on spasms. (a) Body weight gain in pups treated with or without minocycline. (b) Effects of minocycline on spasm frequency in pups. n = 8, 7, 14, 9 for NDL, NDL+minocycline, KDL, KDL+minocycline groups, respectively. (c) Effects of minocycline on trypophan metabolites in serum. (d) Effects of minocycline on trypophan metabolites in hippocampus. n = 9–14 (c, d). (e) Effects of fecal microbiome transplantation on body weight gain in pups. (f) Effects of fecal microbiome transplantation on spasm frequency in pups. (g) Ratio of KYN/TRP. n = 11, 6, 8, 9 for NDL, NDL+FMT, KDL groups, respectively (e, f, g). Data are presentd as mean±SEM. One-way ANOVA with repeated-measures and Bonferroni post hoc test (a, e): different letters indicate significant difference, p < 0.05. One-way ANOVA followed by Turkey's post-hoc test (b, c, d, f, g): *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. Mino, minocycline; FMT, fecal microbiota transplantation.