Table 2.
Content and methodological strategies of the interventions
| Author, Country | CBT Intervention Type | Intervention Format | Delivery Mode | Number of Sessions | Session Length | Duration (Weeks) | Interventionist | Study Design | Comparable Group(s) | Randomization (Selection Bias) | External Validity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Herschbach et al. [23], Germany | CBT | Group | Face-to-face | 4 | 1.5 hours | 4 | Psychotherapists | A two-site, longitudinal controlled design | 1) Supportive-experiential group therapy, 2) Control group | Random assignment to one of two interventions, but not for the control group | Two rehabilitation clinics in Southern Germany |
| van de Wal et al. [24], The Netherlands | Blended CBT | Individual | Face-to-face + Online |
8 (5individual+ 3 online) |
1 hour + 15 minutes | 12 | Two psychologists | A parallel-group, prospective randomized controlled trial | Care as usual | Random assignment | Five hospitals in the Netherlands |
| Butow et al. [26], Australia | Meta-cognitive therapy, Self-Regulatory Executive Function (S-REF) model, and Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) | Individual | Face-to-face | 5 | 1 to 1.5 hours | 10 | Psychologists or psychiatrists | A randomized controlled trial |
A nonspecific attention control (Taking-it-Easy: a relaxation training program) |
Random assignment | Multiple centers in different areas in Australia |
| Lengacher et al. [27], USA | MBSR | Group | Face-to-face | 6 | 2 hours | 6 | Psychologist | A randomized controlled trial | Waitlisted control | Random assignment | Mostly non-Hispanic Whites |
| Bower et al. [37], USA | Mindful awareness practices (MAPS) | Group | Face-to-face | 6 | 2 hours | 6 | No information | A single-center, two-armed RCT | Waitlisted control | Random assignment | Mostly non-Hispanic Whites |
| Johns et al. [38], USA | ACT | Group | Face-to-face | 6 | 2 hours | 6 | Doctoral-level therapist | A randomized controlled pilot trial | 1) Survivor education, 2) Enhanced usual care | Random assignment | Mostly non-Hispanic Whites |
| Dodds et al. [39], USA | Cognitively based compassion training (CBCT) | Group | Face-to-face | 8 | 2 hours | 8 | Social work researcher | A randomized wait list-controlled trial design | Waitlisted control | Random assignment | Mostly non-Hispanic Whites |
| Gonzalez-Hernandez et al. [40], Spain | CBCT | Group | Face-to-face | 8 | 2 hours | 8 | Psychologist | A randomized controlled trial | Treatment-as-usual control | Random assignment | Conduced in Spain |
| Lengacher et al. [41], USA | Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR(BC)) | Group | Face-to-face | 6 | 2 hours | 6 | Psychologist | A randomized controlled trial | Waitlisted control | Random assignment | Mostly non-Hispanic Whites |
| Park et al. [42], Japan | Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) | Group | Face-to-face | 8 | 2 hours | 8 | Psychologists, psychiatrists, and nurses | A randomized controlled trial | Waitlisted control | Random assignment | Conducted in Japan |
| Lichtenthal et al. [43], USA | Attention and Interpretation Modification for Fear of Breast Cancer Recurrence | Group | Face-to-face | 8 | 30 minutes | 4 | No information | A parallel-group randomized trial | Control condition | Random assignment | Mostly non-Hispanic Whites |
| Tomei et al. [44], Canada | Cognitive-existential psychotherapy (CEP) | Individual | Face-to-face | 6 | 2 hours | 6 | Psychology doctoral students | A pilot randomized controlled trial | Waitlisted control | Random assignment | Mostly non-Hispanic Whites |
| van Helmondt et al. [45], The Netherlands | CBT-based online self-help training | Individual | Online | 6 | no information | 12 | No information | A randomized controlled trial | Care as usual (psychological or other support) | Random assignment | Eight hospitals in the Netherlands |
| Heinrichs et al. [46], Germany | Couples-based skills intervention (side by side) | Couple | Face-to-face | 4 | 2 hours | 8 | Psychologists | A two-site, balanced randomized, controlled, parallel-group design | Control program | Random assignment | Three regional hospitals in Germany |
| Shields et al. [47], USA | Coaching intervention (prompt plus telephone counseling) | Individual | Telephone | 1 | 20 to 45 minutes | 1 | Nurse | A randomized pilot trial | Usual care | Random assignment | Small and homogeneous sample |
| Germino et al. [48], USA | Cognitive and behavioral strategies | Individual | Telephone | 4 | 20 minutes | 4~6 months | Nurses | A 2 x 2 randomized block, repeated-measures design | Attention control | Random assignment | non-Hispanic Whites and African Americans |
| Merckaert et al. [49], Belgium | Cognitive behavioral techniques and hypnosis | Group | Face-to-face | 15 | 2 hours | 15 | Psychologists | A multicenter randomized controlled trial | Enhanced standard care | Random assignment | Multiple centers in Belgium |