Table 4.

FCR-related outcomes

Author, Country	FCR Instrument	FCR Variable Type	Assessment Time	Major Findings (Focused on FCR)
Herschbach et al. [23], Germany	FoP-Q-SF	Outcome	Pretest (T0), posttest (T1), 3-month f/u (T2), 12-month f/u (T3)	There was a significant main effect of time and a significant interaction of group x time. FoP decreased significantly over time in both intervention groups but not in the control group.
van de Wal et al. [24], The Netherlands	CWS	Outcome	Baseline (T0), posttest (T1)	The patients in the bCBT group reported significantly lower CWS and FCRI scores (total score, scores for severity/triggers/distress/functioning impairments) than those in the CAU group.
	FCRI: severity, psychological distress, triggers, coping strategies, functioning impairments, insight, & reassurance	Outcome	Baseline (T0), Posttest (T1)
Butow et al. [26], Australia	FCRI: total	Outcome	Baseline (T0), posttest (T1), 3-month f/u (T2), 9-month f/u (T3)	The ConquerFear participants showed greater improvements in FCRI scores than the control participants.
Lengacher et al. [27], USA	CARS: overall fear, problems	Outcome	Baseline (T0), posttest (T1), 3-month f/u (T2)	MBSR(BC) showed significant improvements in FCRs (overall and problems) than UC group at T1 and T2 periods.
Bower et al. [37], USA	QLACS	Outcome	Baseline (T0), posttest (T1), 3-month f/u (T2)	There was no significant group x time interaction effect on FCR at post intervention but there was a significant group difference (group x time interaction) in FCR at the 3-month follow-up.
Johns et al. [38], USA	FCRI: severity, triggers, distress, functioning impairments, insight, reassurance seeking, and coping strategies	Outcome	Baseline (T0), posttest (T1), 1-month f/u (T2), 6-month f/u (T3)	ACT was associated with significant within-group improvements in FCR severity and in the scores for all secondary FCRI subscales except for reassurance seeking and coping across time; between-group differences favored ACT over survivorship education and enhanced usual care, most obviously at T3.
Dodds et al. [39], USA	FCRI: severity, triggers, psychological distress, functioning impairments, and insight domains	Outcome	Baseline (T0), posttest (T1), 1-month f/u (T2)	Compared to the control condition, CBCT was a feasible intervention and was highly satisfactory to BC survivors. Functioning impairments associated with FCR showed a significant changes between pre- and post intervention for the CBCT group.
Gonzalez-Hernandez et al. [40], Spain	FCRI: triggers, psychological stress, coping strategies, and insight	Outcome	Pretest (T0), posttest (T1), f/u (T2)	Psychological stress showed a significant time x group interaction, but there were no significant interaction effects for other factors. Within-group comparisons showed significant pre-to-post and pre-to-follow-up changes in psychological stress for the CBCT group but no significant changes in the TAU group.
Lengacher et al. [41], USA	CARS: overall fear, problems	Mediator	Pretest (T0), posttest (T1)	MBSR(BC) resulted in significant reductions in FCR and improved physical functioning which, in turn, mediated significant reductions in perceived stress and anxiety.
Park et al. [42], Japan	CARS: overall	Outcome	Baseline (T0), posttest (T1), 3-month f/u (T2)	Compared with the control group, the MBCT group showed significant reductions in FCR over time.
Lichtenthal et al. [43], USA	CARS: overall fear, problems (health worries, womanhood worries, role worries, and death worries)	Outcome	Pretest (T0), posttest (T1), 3-month f/u (T2)	Among the subscales, the CARS-Health worries showed a significant time x condition interaction, and there was reliable improvement in health worries from the baseline to the follow-up for the intervention (AIM-FBCR) group.
Tomei et al. [44], Canada	FCRI: total	Outcome	Baseline (T0): control group only, pretest (T1), posttest (T2), 3-month f/u (T3)	There was a significant interaction effect on FCR: the CBT group showed greater reductions in FCR than the control group, and most changes were maintained at the 3-month follow-up.
van Helmondt et al. [45], The Netherlands	FCRI: severity, psychological distress, coping strategies, & functioning impairments	Outcome	Baseline (T0), posttest (T1), 9-month f/u (T2)	There was no effect of CBT-based online self-help training in reducing FCR in breast cancer survivors compared with that of CAU at posttest and 9-month follow-up.
Heinrichs et al. [46], Germany	FoP-Q-SF	Outcome	Pretest (T0), posttest (T1), 6-month f/u (T2), 12-month f/u (T3)	Patients in the CBT intervention group showed a significantly greater decline in FCR from pre- to post assessment (time x group x sex) than the control group. During long-term follow-up, patients in the control group showed a significant linear decline, while their CBT group counterparts maintained their gains.
Shields et al. [47], USA	CARS: problems (health, womanhood, role, death, and parenting)	Outcome	Baseline (T0), posttest (T1), 1-week f/u (T2), 2-month f/u (T3)	The intervention group showed greater reductions in FCR scores than the control group over time, but the group differences were not statistically significant.
Germino et al. [48], USA	CARS: overall	Outcome	Baseline (T0), 4~6 months postbaseline (T1), 8~10 months postbaseline (T2)	The intervention group had a larger decrease in FCR than the control group, but the result was not statistically significant.
Merckaert et al. [49], Belgium	FCRI: triggers, severity, psychological distress, coping strategies, functioning impairments, insight, and reassurance	Outcome	Pretest (T0), posttest (T1)	Compared with patients in the control group, patients in the CBT group reported greater use of FCR-related coping strategies and greater reduction in FCR-related psychological distress.