. 2022 Mar 1;18(3):739–750. doi: 10.5664/jcsm.9694

Table 1.

Eligibility criteria.

Inclusion Criteria	Exclusion Criteria
Age ≥ 18 y BMI ≤ 35 kg/m² OSA as defined by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine task force (A + B + D or C + D)⁴⁵ A. Anamnesis (at least 1 of the following criteria) Unwanted sleepiness and/or fatigue in the daytime, unrefreshing sleep or insomnia Nocturnal arousals with breathing stops, gasping Snoring or breathing stops while sleeping, determined by the bed partner B. PSG: AHI ≥ 5 events/h of sleep and AHI < 50 events/h of sleep C. PSG: AHI ≥ 15 events/h of sleep and AHI < 50 events/h of sleep D. The condition cannot be explained by another sleep disorder, internal or neurological disorder, or medication or drug use	Absolute dental contraindications: - Functional restrictions of the temporomandibular joint - Insufficient dentition with pathological aspects - Insufficient retention for Respident Butterfly MAD* use Other sleep disorders (eg, parasomnias) Previous invasive upper airway surgery for sleep-disordered breathing: - Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty - Palatal implants - Maxillomandibular advancement - Suspension or resection of the tongue base - Hyoid suspension - Genioglossus advancement Craniofacial and/or upper airway anomalies associated with a genetic disorder Use of benzodiazepine(s) and/or antidepressant(s) Personal history of psychiatric disease (including alcohol abuse) Personal history of fibromyalgia or chronic fatigue syndrome Unwilling to participate and/or to give informed consent

Inclusion Criteria

Exclusion Criteria

Age ≥ 18 y
BMI ≤ 35 kg/m²
OSA as defined by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine task force (A + B + D or C + D)⁴⁵

A. Anamnesis (at least 1 of the following criteria)
1. Unwanted sleepiness and/or fatigue in the daytime, unrefreshing sleep or insomnia
2. Nocturnal arousals with breathing stops, gasping
3. Snoring or breathing stops while sleeping, determined by the bed partner
B. PSG: AHI ≥ 5 events/h of sleep and AHI < 50 events/h of sleep

C. PSG: AHI ≥ 15 events/h of sleep and AHI < 50 events/h of sleep D. The condition cannot be explained by another sleep disorder, internal or neurological disorder, or medication or drug use

Absolute dental contraindications:

- Functional restrictions of the temporomandibular joint

- Insufficient dentition with pathological aspects

- Insufficient retention for Respident Butterfly MAD* use
Other sleep disorders (eg, parasomnias)
Previous invasive upper airway surgery for sleep-disordered breathing:

- Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty

- Palatal implants

- Maxillomandibular advancement

- Suspension or resection of the tongue base

- Hyoid suspension

- Genioglossus advancement
Craniofacial and/or upper airway anomalies associated with a genetic disorder
Use of benzodiazepine(s) and/or antidepressant(s)
Personal history of psychiatric disease (including alcohol abuse)
Personal history of fibromyalgia or chronic fatigue syndrome
Unwilling to participate and/or to give informed consent

*RespiDent Butterfly MAD is manufactured by Orthodontic Clinics NV, Antwerp, Belgium, AHI = apnea-hypopnea index, BMI = body mass index, MAD = mandibular advancement device, OSA = obstructive sleep apnea, PSG = polysomnography.