Table 2.
The associations between opioid use and sedative hypnotic use in the NSDUH.
| Sedative Benzodiazepine Use | Z-Drug Use | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
| Unadjusted | ||||
| Opioid use | 4.4 | 3.61–5.40 | 3.8 | 3.51–4.09 |
| Opioid misuse | 7.5 | 5.98–9.34 | 6.1 | 5.44–6.75 |
| Adjusted* | ||||
| Opioid use | 3.6 | 3.28–3.99 | 3.4 | 3.18–3.57 |
| Opioid misuse | 7.2 | 5.62–9.22 | 6.4 | 5.63–7.27 |
*Adjusted/balanced for age, sex, race/ethnicity, income, education, marital status, metropolitan status, and severity of mental illness. CI = confidence interval, NSDUH = National Survey on Drug Use and Health, OR = odds ratio.