Table 3.
All Enterobacterales isolates: adjusted estimates for resistance over time and by geographic region
| Characteristics | ESBL | Beta-lactam | Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole | Fluoroquinolone | Nitrofurantoin | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Est (95% CI) | P | Est (95% CI) | P | Est (95% CI) | P | Est (95% CI) | P | Est (95% CI) | P | |
| Year | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||
| 2011 | 6.5 (6.3–6.8) | 60.5 (60.2–60.9) | 25.7 (25.1–26.2) | 25.6 (25.0–26.2) | 21.6 (21.1–22.4) | |||||
| 2012 | 6.8 (6.5–7.0) | 59.9 (59.5–60.3) | 26.5 (25.9–27.0) | 25.0 (24.4–25.5) | 23.1 (22.5–23.9) | |||||
| 2013 | 6.9 (6.7–7.1) | 59.0 (58.6–59.4) | 26.2 (25.6–26.8) | 24.2 (23.7–24.8) | 22.4 (21.9–23.2) | |||||
| 2014 | 7.3 (7.1–7.6) | 58.4 (58.0–58.8) | 25.7 (25.1–26.2) | 23.8 (23.3–24.4) | 22.5 (21.9–23.3) | |||||
| 2015 | 7.5 (7.3–7.8) | 57.7 (57.3–58.1) | 25.6 (25.0–26.2) | 23.2 (22.7–23.8) | 20.9 (20.4–21.8) | |||||
| 2016 | 7.8 (7.5–8.0) | 57.2 (56.7–57.5) | 24.8 (24.2–25.4) | 22.7 (22.1–23.3) | 18.9 (18.4–19.8) | |||||
| 2017 | 8.2 (7.9–8.5) | 56.9 (56.5–57.4) | 24.6 (23.9–25.2) | 22.3 (21.7–23.0) | 19.0 (18.4–19.9) | |||||
| 2018 | 8.6 (8.3–8.8) | 56.6 (56.2–57.0) | 24.5 (23.9–25.1) | 22.1 (21.5–22.8) | 20.2 (19.7–21.1) | |||||
| 2019 | 8.9 (8.7–9.2) | 56.3 (55.8–56.7) | 24.6 (23.9–25.1) | 22.2 (21.5–22.8) | 21.9 (21.4–22.7) | |||||
| 2020 | 9.4 (9.1–9.6) | 56.1 (55.6–56.4) | 23.9 (23.2–24.4) | 21.9 (21.3–22.5) | 22.3 (21.7–23.1) | |||||
| Season (quarter) | 0.015 | 0.009 | < 0.001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.001 | |||||
| 1 | 8.2 (6.5–9.9) | 57.8 (56.7–58.9) | 25.4 (24.2–26.2) | 23.5 (22.2–24.7) | 20.8 (18.6–22.8) | |||||
| 2 | 8.1 (6.3–9.9) | 57.5 (56.3–58.5) | 25.3 (24.1–26.2) | 23.1 (21.8–24.3) | 20.7 (18.4–22.7) | |||||
| 3 | 7.9 (6.2–9.8) | 56.9 (55.7–57.9) | 24.3 (23.1–25.2) | 22.3 (21.0–23.6) | 20.9 (18.5–22.9) | |||||
| 4 | 8.3 (6.6–10.0) | 57.2 (56.1–58.2) | 24.7 (23.5–25.6) | 22.7 (21.5–23.9) | 21.9 (19.7–23.9) | |||||
| Census regiona | 0.003 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.005 | |||||
| East North Central | 5.7 (3.7–7.6) | 55.9 (54.4–57.3) | 21.6 (19.8–22.9) | 18.7 (16.9–20.5) | 20.2 (17.6–23.0) | |||||
| East South Central | 9.2 (7.2–11.1) | 64.2 (62.6–65.7) | 29.1 (27.3–30.4) | 28.2 (26.3–30.0) | 23.1 (20.4–25.7) | |||||
| Middle Atlantic | 8.1 (6.2–10.1) | 58.6 (57.2–60.1) | 22.9 (21.1–24.1) | 22.4 (20.6–24.2) | 21.2 (18.6–24.1) | |||||
| Mountain | 4.9 (3.0–6.9) | 57.3 (55.9–58.8) | 22.5 (20.6–23.7) | 17.6 (15.8–19.4) | 16.6 (14.0–19.2) | |||||
| New England | 12.1 (10.9–13.3) | 65.5 (64.5–66.5) | 23.5 (21.9–24.7) | 19.6 (18.4–20.9) | 18.8 (16.6–21.4) | |||||
| Pacific | 10.6 (8.6–12.5) | 56.1 (54.6–57.6) | 25.8 (24.0–27.1) | 22.6 (20.8–24.4) | 17.9 (15.2–20.5) | |||||
| South Atlantic | 7.4 (5.4–9.3) | 52.5 (51.0–54.0) | 23.7 (21.9–25.0) | 22.7 (20.9–24.5) | 22.9 (20.3–25.6) | |||||
| West North Central | 8.8 (7.6–10.0) | 52.4 (51.4–53.3) | 24.3 (22.8–25.5) | 24.6 (23.4–25.8) | 22.0 (19.9–24.6) | |||||
| West South Central | 8.6 (6.6–10.5) | 54.1 (52.7–55.6) | 26.3 (24.4–27.7) | 22.7 (20.9–24.5) | 21.4 (18.7–24.1) | |||||
CI confidence interval, ESBL extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing phenotype, Est estimated, NS not susceptible
aStates included in the data sample by census regions were: East North Central: Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin; East South Central: Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, and Tennessee; Middle Atlantic: New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania; Mountain: Arizona, Idaho, Montana, and New Mexico; New England: Connecticut and New Hampshire; Pacific: California, Oregon, and Washington; South Atlantic: Delaware, Georgia, Florida, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Washington D.C., West Virginia, and Virginia; West North Central: Iowa and Missouri; West South Central: Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas