TABLE 1.

List of biologically significant Gα_12/13-associated receptors and their physiological functions.

Receptors	G proteins	Functions	References
		GPCRs
LPA receptor	Gα12	Migration of fibroblasts	Gan et al. (2013)
LPA receptor	Gα12/13	Embryonic blood vessel development	Tanaka et al. (2006)
LPAR1	Gα12	Proliferation of astrocytes	Loskutov et al. (2018)
LPAR1/LPAR2	Gα12/13	Cell proliferation, migration, and cytoskeleton changes	Kihara et al. (2014)
LPAR4/LPAR6	Gα12/13	Changes in the tension of the actin cytoskeleton	(Noguchi et al. (2003), Yanagida et al. (2009)
LPAR4/LPAR6	Gα12/13	Angiogenesis	Yasuda et al. (2019)
LPAR5	Gα12/13	Axon retraction and stress fiber formation	Lee et al. (2006)
FZD	Gα12/13	Bone formation and cell migration	Park et al. (2015)
FZD	Gα12/13	Bone homeostasis	Hendrickx et al. (2020)
FZD4	Gα12/13	Angiogenesis	Arthofer et al. (2016)
FZD10	Gα13	Angiogenesis	Hot et al. (2017)
PAR1/PAR2	Gα13	Fibroblast adhesion maturation, spreading, and migration	Spoerri et al. (2020)
PAR1	Gα12/13	Stress fiber formation	Regué et al. (2013)
PAR2	Gα13	Smooth muscle contraction	Sriwai et al. (2013)
S1PR1/S1PR3/S1PR5	Gα12	Inflammation	Ki et al. (2007)
S1PR2	Gα12/13	Vascular smooth muscle cell migration and neointimal hyperplasia	Kim et al. (2011)
S1PR2	Gα12/13	Myofibroblast contraction	Sobel et al. (2015)
S1PR2	Gα13	Cardiomyocyte migration	Ye and Lin, (2013)
S1PR2/S1PR3	Gα12/13	Stress fiber formation	Olivera et al. (2003)
S1PR2/S1PR3	Gα12/13	Cardiac progenitor cell proliferation	Castaldi et al. (2016)
S1PR3	Gα12/13	Inflammation	Dusaban et al. (2017)
S1PR3	Gα13	Cardioprotection	Yung et al. (2017)
M1R	Gα13	Impaired growth	Sabbir et al. (2018)
M3R	Gα12	Human airway smooth muscle cells contraction	Yoo et al. (2017)
CXCR4	Gα13	Tumor cell migration and adhesion	Scarlett et al. (2018)
CXCR4	Gα13	Breast cancer metastasis	Yagi et al. (2011)
Calcium-sensing receptor	Gα12/13	Gene expression, cytoskeleton, and cell shape	Leach et al. (2012), Leach et al. (2013)
AT1R	Gα12/13	Vasoconstriction	Lymperopoulos et al. (2021)
Thromboxane A2 receptor	Gα12/13	Neointima formation and restenosis	Feng et al. (2016)
Ghrelin receptor	Gα12	Food intake	Mende et al. (2018)
Dopamine D3 receptor	Gα12	Inhibit inflammation	Wang et al. (2015)
5-HT4R	Gα13	Hippocampal synaptic function	Müller et al. (2021)
5-HT4R	Gα13	Angiogenesis	Profirovic et al. (2013)
UII receptor	Gα13	Tumor invasion	Lecointre et al. (2015)
Complement C5a receptor	Gα12/13	Macrophage tail retraction	Raghavan et al. (2018)
GPR56	Gα12/13	Myelination	Ackerman et al. (2015)
Purinergic receptor 6	Gα13	Cell migration	Girard et al. (2020)
Gastrin type 2 cholecystokinin receptor	Gα13	Cell migration	Masià-Balagué et al. (2015)
GPR40	Gα12/13	Release of insulin vesicles	Rives et al. (2018)
GPR56	Gα12/13	Muscle protein synthesis and myotube hypertrophy	White et al. (2014)
GPR91	Gα12	Mitochondrial fission and cell migration	Ko et al. (2017)
ET-1 type A receptor	Gα12/13	Formation of myofibroblasts	Nishida et al. (2007)
		Non-GPCRs
Integrin β1	Gα13	Cell migration	Shen et al. (2013), Shen et al. (2015)
Integrin αIIbβ3	Gα13	Cell retraction and migration	Gong et al. (2010)
Integrin αIIbβ3	Gα13	Promote thrombosis	Pang et al. (2018)
PPARγ	Gα13	Inhibit thrombosis	Unsworth et al. (2017)
Smoothened	Gα12	Tumor growth and anti-apoptosis	Qu et al. (2013)