FIGURE 1.

Effects of seizure type, consciousness, and motor function on simulated driving during seizures. (A) Driving simulation setup in the video-electroencephalographic (EEG) monitoring unit. The patient participated in driving simulation using a laptop on a modified bedside table, with the appropriate gas and brake pedals and steering wheel. The video-EEG monitoring system recorded the patienťs behavior and EEG during participation in the simulated driving. (B) Relationship between driving impairment and seizure type. All generalized motor (bilateral tonic–clonic and myoclonic) seizures (5/5) and all focal seizures with impaired consciousness (11/11) resulted in driving impairment, whereas all focal seizures without impaired consciousness (6/6) and most generalized spike-wave discharges (18/19) resulted in spared driving. Focal seizures with unknown consciousness (10/27) are omitted from this analysis. Of those seizures, driving was spared in nine and impaired in one. (C) Relationship between impaired consciousness/responsiveness and driving. All seizures with impaired consciousness (15/15) resulted in driving impairment, whereas all seizures with spared consciousness (20/20) spared driving. Seizures with unknown consciousness (16/51) are excluded from this analysis. Of those seizures, driving was spared in 13 and impaired in three. (D) Relationship between motor impairment and driving. All seizures with motor impairment (13/13) led to impaired driving, whereas most seizures without motor impairment (33/38) spared driving. *p < .05, Fisher exact test with Bonferroni correction