Casteel 2004.

Methods	Controlled before and after study, unit of allocation = liquor stores
Participants	Santa Monica, CA; USA Experimental = 9 liquor stores. Control = 13 liquor stores.
Interventions	Environmental intervention Based on Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design concepts (that criminal activity can be reduced by modifying the business environment). Basic elements included keeping a minimal amount of cash in the till, ensuring good visibility into and out of premises, bright interior and exterior lighting, escape routes and training of employees in how to respond to robbery and shoplifting events. From a baseline assessment, an individualised safety plan was designed. Stores also received manuals, copy of the plan and other educational materials. The Californian Occupational Safety & Health Administration implemented the intervention. Control premises received no intervention.
Outcomes	Injury (criminal activity) obtained from police records.
Notes
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Adequate sequence generation?	High risk	After invitation to participate in the study, stores that agreed were used as the experimental group; those that refused were used as the control group.
Allocation concealment?	High risk	Inadequate.
Blinding? All outcomes	Low risk	Outcome data were obtained from the Crime Analysis Unit of the Santa Monica Police Department.
Confounders	Unclear risk	Control stores were reported as being located in higher crime areas than experimental, no other information given.
Data collection methods	Unclear risk	Extracted from police records.
Withdrawals & dropouts	Unclear risk	None reported.
Intervention integrity	Unclear risk	It is reported that there was variation in the extent to which experimental stores complied with the intervention.
Duration of follow‐up	Unclear risk	Data were collected for 4.5 years before and 2 years after intervention implementation.