Krass 1994.

Methods	Randomised controlled trial, unit of allocation = bar.
Participants	Waverley, Australia. Experimental = 4 bars Control = 4 bars
Interventions	Server training Four hour training package for all staff of licensed alcohol serving establishments. The aim of which was to equip participants with the knowledge and skills necessary to comply with the Liquor Act and to develop responsible service practices within licensed premises. Topics included in the package; 1) The New South Wales Liquor Act 2) Definition of Responsible Hospitality Practices 3) Identification of Responsible Hospitality Practices 4) Facts about alcohol 5) Responsible promotions 6) Preventing under‐age drinking 7) Recognising intoxication 8) Preventing harmful consequences of intoxication 9) Skills for the refusal or modification of requested service. Control group received no server training.
Outcomes	Behaviour of patrons (alcohol consumption, measured by breath test and interview). Knowledge (in trained group only) measured using questionnaires.
Notes
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Adequate sequence generation?	Unclear risk	Eight premises agreed to participate. The bars were matched into pairs and then one from each pair was assigned at random to the experimental group.
Allocation concealment?	Unclear risk	No information reported.
Blinding? All outcomes	Unclear risk	Interviewers were blind to allocation status.
Confounders	Unclear risk	Bars were matched in pairs according to size and type of clientele prior to intervention assignment.
Data collection methods	Unclear risk	Knowledge was measured in the trained servers only using pre and post questionnaire, 66 completed. Exit surveys of a sample of patrons involving a breath test and interview. 233 pre‐test patron interviews were made at five sites (response rate=40%), 305 post‐test interviews at four sites (response rate=53%). Observed estimates of BAC of patrons who refused to participate were made to assess volunteer bias.
Withdrawals & dropouts	Unclear risk	Three bars withdrew from the baseline patron exit surveys and four withdrew from the follow‐up surveys.
Intervention integrity	Unclear risk	70 servers were trained.
Duration of follow‐up	Unclear risk	Knowledge questionnaire administered immediately before and after training. Patron exits surveys were conducted four weeks after intervention.