Table 7.
Simulation of the effect of water fortification with 500 mg of calcium/l on calcium intake (USA)
| Group | n | EAR (mg) | Water Intake | Basal Ca intake | Ca intake after fortification of water with 500 mg of Ca/l | Ca intake after fortification of water with 400 mg of Ca/l | Ca intake after fortification of water with 300 mg of Ca/l | Ca intake after fortification of water with 200 mg of Ca/l | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (mg) | sd | <EAR (%) | >UL (%) | Mean (mg) | sd | <EAR (%) | >UL (%) | Mean (mg) | sd | <EAR (%) | >UL (%) | Mean (mg) | sd | <EAR (%) | >UL (%) | Mean (mg) | sd | <EAR (%) | >UL (%) | ||||
| Children | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 0 ≤ age < 1 | 222 | 270 | 44·5 | 650·0 | 288·4 | 3·7 | 1·7 | 671·7 | 299·1 | 3·3 | 2·1 | 667·4 | 296·4 | 3·3 | 2·0 | 663·0 | 294·0 | 3·4 | 1·9 | 658·7 | 291·9 | 3·5 | 1·9 |
| 1 ≤ age < 4 | 564 | 400 | 289·3 | 915·0 | 492·0 | 11·1 | 1·1 | 1059·0 | 535·3 | 6·5 | 2·0 | 1030·2 | 522·5 | 7·0 | 1·7 | 1001·4 | 511·6 | 7·7 | 1·5 | 972·6 | 502·8 | 8·6 | 1·3 |
| 4 ≤ age < 9 | 828 | 640 | 438·6 | 952·3 | 487·6 | 28·9 | 0·7 | 1171·4 | 556·7 | 16·7 | 2·2 | 1127·6 | 535·8 | 18·2 | 1·7 | 1083·8 | 518·1 | 20·1 | 1·3 | 1040·0 | 504·0 | 22·5 | 1·0 |
| Women non-pregnant | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 9 ≤ age < 14 | 417 | 1100 | 539·7 | 919·1 | 547·9 | 69·2 | 0·4 | 1188·8 | 643·9 | 51·0 | 1·3 | 1134·8 | 615·2 | 54·3 | 1·0 | 1080·9 | 590·7 | 58·0 | 0·7 | 1027·0 | 570·9 | 61·8 | 0·6 |
| 14 ≤ age < 19 | 383 | 1100 | 775·2 | 826·8 | 520·9 | 75·4 | 0·3 | 1214·2 | 731·9 | 51·7 | 2·6 | 1136·7 | 674·1 | 55·7 | 1·7 | 1059·2 | 622·2 | 60·3 | 1·0 | 981·7 | 577·8 | 65·3 | 0·6 |
| 19 ≤ age < 31 | 511 | 800 | 1242·5 | 825·9 | 501·5 | 56·3 | 0·9 | 1446·8 | 843·4 | 23·7 | 11·2 | 1322·6 | 750·7 | 26·8 | 7·5 | 1198·5 | 666·2 | 31·0 | 4·5 | 1074·3 | 593·0 | 37·0 | 2·4 |
| 31 ≤ age < 51 | 854 | 800 | 1236·1 | 837·7 | 471·8 | 54·6 | 0·6 | 1455·3 | 786·9 | 21·0 | 10·2 | 1331·8 | 701·9 | 24·1 | 6·6 | 1208·3 | 624·0 | 28·3 | 3·7 | 1084·8 | 556·7 | 34·5 | 1·9 |
| 51 ≤ age < 71 | 845 | 1000 | 1166·5 | 775·7 | 436·4 | 74·9 | 1·6 | 1358·5 | 736·0 | 35·8 | 17·6 | 1242·0 | 655·8 | 40·9 | 12·6 | 1125·4 | 582·2 | 47·4 | 8·1 | 1008·8 | 518·1 | 55·7 | 4·7 |
| 71 ≤ age | 381 | 1000 | 899·5 | 731·7 | 418·3 | 78·6 | 1·3 | 1180·7 | 627·6 | 44·2 | 10·0 | 1091·0 | 567·1 | 49·9 | 7·0 | 1001·1 | 512·4 | 56·6 | 4·5 | 911·3 | 467·2 | 64·2 | 2·8 |
| Pregnant women | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 19 ≤ age < 31 | 37 | 800 | 1574·4 | 999·0 | 542·3 | 40·5 | 1·2 | 1773·4 | 879·4 | 13·5 | 20·1 | 1618·4 | 777·4 | 15·2 | 13·3 | 1463·5 | 687·0 | 17·6 | 7·3 | 1308·6 | 612·7 | 21·6 | 3·3 |
| 31 ≤ age < 51 | 26 | 800 | 1481·2 | 947·7 | 507·5 | 42·8 | 0·6 | 1690·1 | 1136·1 | 23·2 | 20·7 | 1541·4 | 978·3 | 24·4 | 15·7 | 1392·4 | 825·6 | 26·2 | 10·1 | 1244·2 | 684·5 | 28·4 | 4·8 |
| Male | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 9 ≤ age < 14 | 412 | 1100 | 579·2 | 1039·3 | 650·0 | 62·2 | 1·3 | 1328·1 | 760·8 | 45·2 | 3·5 | 1270·4 | 728·2 | 48·1 | 2·8 | 1212·6 | 700·7 | 51·5 | 2·3 | 1154·8 | 678·1 | 55·1 | 1·9 |
| 14 ≤ age < 19 | 374 | 1100 | 859·2 | 1100·3 | 698·9 | 58·1 | 1·8 | 1529·1 | 963·5 | 38·9 | 7·9 | 1443·3 | 892·9 | 41·6 | 6·1 | 1357·6 | 828·7 | 44·9 | 4·6 | 1271·8 | 773·2 | 48·7 | 3·3 |
| 19 ≤ age < 31 | 497 | 800 | 1367·6 | 1067·7 | 719·6 | 42·9 | 4·7 | 1751·2 | 1132·4 | 19·9 | 21·4 | 1614·6 | 895 | 1023·6 | 22·0 | 1477·9 | 924·0 | 24·9 | 13·1 | 1341·3 | 835·0 | 29·0 | 9·4 |
| 31 ≤ age < 51 | 792 | 800 | 1318·9 | 1042·1 | 658·1 | 42·7 | 3·5 | 1701·4 | 988·3 | 17·6 | 18·8 | 1569·6 | 895·2 | 19·7 | 14·4 | 1437·8 | 811·8 | 22·8 | 10·4 | 1305·9 | 741·4 | 27·2 | 7·2 |
| 51 ≤ age < 71 | 824 | 800 | 1054·9 | 939·1 | 581·7 | 47·9 | 5·8 | 1465·9 | 900·1 | 22·9 | 21·7 | 1360·6 | 814·3 | 25·4 | 17·6 | 1255·2 | 736·4 | 28·8 | 13·7 | 1149·8 | 669·1 | 33·5 | 10·2 |
| 71 ≤ age | 372 | 1000 | 779·4 | 871·6 | 553·8 | 67·1 | 3·9 | 1260·6 | 745·7 | 42·3 | 14·5 | 1182·5 | 689·1 | 46·0 | 11·5 | 1105·1 | 645·2 | 48·4 | 7·8 | 1027·3 | 604·0 | 53·8 | 5·9 |
EAR, estimated average requirement; UL, upper limit.