Table 2.
Hormone levels by sex and correlation with depression scales
| Study | Average Hormone Level | Depression scale (Cut-off) |
Correlation between hormones and depression |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men | Women | |||
| Cortisol | ||||
| Antoni 1991 | 170 ng/ml | N/A | POMS depression subscale (continuous) | Yes (p =NR) |
| Antoni 2000 | Control: 11 ug/24hrs Intervention: 13 ug/24 hrs | N/A | POMS depression subscale (continuous) | Yes (r = 0.32, p < 0.05) |
| Antoni 2005 | Control: 9 ug/24 hrs Intervention: 14 ug/24 hrs | N/A | POMS depression subscale (continuous) | NR |
| Carrico 2006 | 6.1/24h (with square root correction) | N/A | BDI affective subscale (continuous) | No correlation |
| Gorman 1991 | 62 ug/24 hours | N/A | HAM-D (continuous) | Yes (r = 25, p = 0.01) |
| Kertzner 1993 | 70 ug/24 hours | N/A | HAM-D (continuous) | Yes (r = 0.25, p < 0.01) |
| Wisniewski 2006 | 17.5 μg/dL | 16.46 μg/dL | CES-D (>23, continuous) | Yes (2% increase in odds of depressive symptoms per unit increase) |
| DHEAS | ||||
| Ferrando 1999 | 158 ug/dL | N/A | BDI (>10 significant depressive symptoms) | No correlation |
| Goggin 1998 | N/A | 96.5 ug/dL | HAM-D (continuous) | No correlation |
| Estradiol | ||||
| Bekhbat 2018 | N/A | No depression: 43.0pg/mL Depression: 37.5pg/mL |
CES-D (>16) | NR |
| Grinspoon 2000 | hypogonodal: 12.0 (1.1) pg/m Leugonadal: 14.2 (2.6) pg/mL. |
N/A | BDI (>18) | No correlation |
| Oxytocin | ||||
| Seay 2014 | 21.3 pg/ml | N/A | BDI (no cutoff) | Yes (p = 0.05) |
| Prolactin | ||||
| Gorman 1992 | CDC Stage II: 9.2 (3.2) ng/ml CDC Stage III: 10.2 (3.4) ng/ml CDC Stage IV: 9.9 (3.9) ng/ml |
N/A | HAM-D (no cutoff) | No correlation |
| SHBG | ||||
| Grinspoon 2000 | hypogonodal: 34.0 nmol/L eugonadal: 44.0 nmol/L |
N/A | BDI (18) | No correlation |
| Sunchatawi rul 2012 | 42.0 nmol/L | N/A | Thai HADS (>10 on the even numbered questions) | No correlation |
| Free Testosterone | ||||
| Blick 2013 | 50 pg/ml | N/A | PHQ-9 (continuous) | NR |
| Ferrando 1999 | 87 pg/ml | N/A | BDI (continuous) | No correlation |
| Grinspoon 2000 | hypogonodal: 13 pg/ml eugonadal: 22 pg/ml |
N/A | BDI (18) | Yes (p = NR) |
| Lari 2012 | 4.8 vs. 6.6 pg/ml | N/A | BDI (18) | Yes (p = NR) |
| Total Testosterone | ||||
| Blick 2013 | 375 ng/dL | N/A | PHQ-9 (continuous) | Yes (p = NR) |
| Goggin 1998 | 25.6 dg/sl | N/A | HAM-D (cutoff?) | No correlation |
| Grinspoon 2000 | hypogonodal: 427 ng/d leugonadal: 738 ng/dl |
N/A | BDI (18) | Yes (p = NR) |
| Laan 2018 | With insufficiency: 14 ng/dl Without insufficiency: 35ng/dl |
N/A | BDI (20) | No correlation |
| Sunchatawi rul 2012 | Median 19 nmol/L | Median 19 nmol/L | Thai HADS (>10 on even numbered questions) | No correlation |
| Wagner 1998 | 344 ng/dl | N/A | HAM-D (continuous) | Yes (p = NR) |
| Wagner 1998 | 550 ng/dl; week 11:1287 ng/dl | N/A | HAM-D (continuous) | Yes (t = 6.0, p = .000) |
BDI: Beck Depression Inventory; CES-D: Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; HADS: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; HAM-D: Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; PHQ-9: Patient Health Questionnaire-9; POMS: Profile of Mood States