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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Feb 18.
Published in final edited form as: Circ Res. 2022 Feb 17;130(4):578–592. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.121.319916

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

Sex differences can arise at multiple steps along the relationship of genome, transcriptome, proteome, metabolome, and disease phenotype. Biomarkers measured at each level may elucidate sex differences in disease pathogenesis that contribute to unique disease phenotypes in men vs women.