Table 3.

Effects of sex hormones and raloxifene for the treatment of insomnia in postmenopausal schizophrenic patients.

Hormone	Hypothesis	Findings
Estradiol	Estradiol is capable of preventing dopamine D1/D2-receptor-mediated disruptions of sensorimotor gating in animal models.	Is estradiol a potential target for the treatment of insomnia? No results for postmenopausal populations.
Progesterone	Brexanolone, a synthetic allopregnanolone, prevents depression-like behaviors in animal models.	The psychotropic properties of progesterone have not been evaluated in postmenopausal schizophrenic patients.
Testosterone	High testosterone–estradiol ratio at menopause. Testosterone implicated in physiopathology of schizophrenia.	The use of testosterone to treat insomnia has not been evaluated.
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)	Precursors of androgens in women may be effective for the treatment of insomnia at menopause.	Potentially effective for the treatment of psychotic or cognitive symptoms; no results for insomnia.
Raloxifene (SERMs)	Positive effect on sleep in healthy women.	Potential effectiveness in postmenopausal schizophrenia. Future studies should consider insomnia as a primary outcome.