Table 1. Risk factors considered, theoretical minimum risk exposure level, and cancer sites considered.
| Risk factors | Theoretical minimum risk exposure level | Cancer site | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tobacco smoking | Never | ||
| 1. Active smoking | lung; oral cavity and pharynx; nasal; esophagus; stomach; colon; rectum; liver; pancreas; bladder; cervix; acute myeloid leukaemia | ||
| 2. Secondhand smoking | lung | ||
| Alcohol drinking | None | oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, colorectum, liver, larynx, and breast* | |
| Excess body weight | BMI < 23 kg/m2 | esophageal adenocarcinoma, stomach (cardia), colorectum, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, breast* (pre- and post- menopausal), ovary*, endometrium*, advanced prostate**, kidney | |
| Physical activity | Regular exercise | colorectum, breast*, endometrium* | |
| Infection | No infection | ||
| 1. Helicobacter pylori | stomach (non-cardia); MALT lymphoma | ||
| 2. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) | liver | ||
| 3. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) | liver | ||
| 4. Human papilloma virus (HPV) | oral cavity; oropharynx; anus; penis; vulva; vagina; cervix uteri | ||
| 5. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) | nasopharynx; Burkitt lymphoma; Hodgkin lymphoma | ||
| 6. Human T-cell Leukemia Virus | adult T-cell lymphoma/leukemia (ATL) | ||
| Type 1 (HTLV-1) | |||
| Dietary intake | |||
| 1. Highly salted food | None | stomach | |
| 2. Fruit | lung | ||
| 3. Vegetables | stomach (distal) | ||
| 4. Dietary fiber | Age (yrs) | Men/Women | colon |
| 5-9 | ≥ 11.5 g/ ≥ 11 g | ||
| 10-14 | ≥ 15 g/ ≥ 14.5 g | ||
| 15-19 | ≥ 19.5 g/ ≥ 17.5 g | ||
| 20-69 | ≥ 20 g/ ≥ 18 g | ||
| 70+ | ≥ 19 g/ ≥ 17 g | ||
| 5. Red and processed meat | < 500 g/week | colon; rectum | |
| Breast feeding | Ever | breast*; ovary*; endometrium* | |
| Exogenous hormone use | Never | ||
| 1. Menopausal hormone therapy | breast*; ovary* | ||
| 2. Oral contraceptive use | breast*; ovary*; endometrium* | ||
| Air pollution | Ambient PM 2.5 ≤ 10 μg/cm3 | lung | |
*Calculated for women only. **Calculated for men only.