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. 2022 Feb 14;10:824165. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2022.824165

FIGURE 1.

FIGURE 1

The canonical pathway and non-canonical pathway of pyroptosis. Pyroptosis is a novel pro-inflammatory regulator of cell death. Depending on the key molecular patterns involved in the activation and execution steps, they can be divided into the canonical pathway and non-canonical pathway. In the caspase1-dependent pyroptosis pathway, cells can activate inflammatory vesicles to trigger pyroptosis in response to multiple factors, activating the respective inflammatory vesicles (including NLRP3, AIM2 or pyrin) through the action of PAMPs and DAMPs; NLRP3 recruits ASC and pro-caspase-1 through various pathways, causing activation of caspase-1 and maturation and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and IL-18. GSDMD-N is formed by the cleavage of inflammatory cystathione, triggering the rupture of cell membranes and promoting the release of inflammatory factors, cell swelling and pytoptosis. In the non-canonical pathway, the Gram-negative bacterial cell wall fraction LPS activates caspase 4/5/11, which mediates pyroptosis by directly triggering pyroptosis through the cleavage of GSDMD. NLRP3: NOD-like receptor protein 3; AIM2: in melanoma 2; PAMPs: pathogen-associated molecular patterns; DAMPs: danger-associated molecular patterns; GSDMD: gasdermin D; LPS: lipopolysaccharide.